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Essay Subject:
Compares two statements on the nature of justice and injustice.... More...
6 Pages / 1350 Words
3 sources, 9 Citations,
MLA Format
$24.00
Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Compares two statements on the nature of justice and injustice. Plato's APOLOGY and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s LETTER FROM A BIRMINGHAM JAIL. Similarities of the two texts. Socrates and King functioning in a climate of social and political controversy. What it means to challenge injustice having the status of public policy.
Paper Introduction: To compare Dr. King's Letter from Birmingham Jail with Plato's Apology is to compare two statements of ethical theory that in a number of ways overlap and converge. Each text discusses the nature of justice and injustice and what it means to challenge injustice. The texts are partly alike, too, politically; each is presented by a recognized authority (in Socrates' case) or leader (in King's case) who is beset with political unpopularity. Socrates says very directly that he has "many enemies of the worst and most dangerous kind" (39), and the Letter is a response to the eight Alabama clergymen who publicly criticized as "unwise and untimely" his protests in Birmingham aimed at desegregating public accommodations as a matter of national policy and law (Where passim). And the texts are alike from an analytical standpoint, systematically dissecting and pretty much destroying arguments against them.
Essay Subject:
Analysis of More's concept of human nature.... More...
15 Pages / 3375 Words
3 sources, 17 Citations,
MLA Format
$60.00
Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Analysis of More's concept of human nature. His positive view. His basic arguments. His belief that human beings are capable of virtuous behavior if social conditions encourage such behavior. The negative impact on human nature which unjust social, political and economic conditions have. The need for vigilance in More's utopian society.
Paper Introduction: Thomas More in Utopia presents a view of human nature which is far more positive than negative. While he certainly shows an awareness of the flaws in human beings, he attributes those flaws more to the environment, and political and socioeconomic factors, than to the nature of humanity. In other words, More shows that human nature can be altered by altering the environment. If the environment is improved, meaning socially, politically and economically, then the behavior of human beings will be improved, bringing out the best in human nature.
Many other fictional "utopias", such as 1984 and Brave New World, are more intent on critiquing the attempts to perfect humanity and human society, and demonstrating the dangers and ultimate destructiveness of those efforts. More, on the other hand, believes in his utopia and the betterment of humanity and
Essay Subject:
Argues that violence and aggression are essential aspects of human nature.... More...
4 Pages / 900 Words
2 sources, 3 Citations,
APA Format
$16.00
Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Argues that violence and aggression are essential aspects of human nature. Views of philosophers. Hobbes' contention that human nature is a violent and destructive force. Need for a powerful government.. Danger of violence of human nature according to Locke. Freud's argument that people are ruled by powerful, irrational forces of aggression.
Paper Introduction: This study will argue that aggression and violence are essential aspects of human nature. The ability to use physical force against another human being or an animal threatening one with harm is a necessity in self-preservation. In that sense, it is "essential," for existence is essential. At the same time, until it is proved that a gene is physically responsible for the "aggression and violence," it cannot be said beyond any doubt that those qualities are built into the human being or not. The question remains philosophical.
There is little doubt that some of the great philosophers believe that violence and aggression are an essential part of human nature. In fact, most social and political systems were and are designed specifically to prevent the chaos that would result if laws did not hinder human beings from expressing their
Essay Subject:
Discusses Ludwig Wittgenstein's idea of sensation.... More...
7 Pages / 1575 Words
6 sources, 14 Citations,
MLA Format
$28.00
Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Discusses Ludwig Wittgenstein's idea of sensation. Linkage of the sensations (art, aesthetics, religion) as individual sensations linked by language. Idea that language is unexact means of describing the senses. Language games as semantics. The language of aesthetics. Wittgenstein's exercises. Wittgenstein's theories and changing concept of language games. Notion of human culture.
Paper Introduction: LANGUAGE GAMES
INTRODUCTION AND THESIS:
Wittgenstein separates the idea of a sensation with that of a word to describe it. How often, for example, have we heard someone say “I feel; your pain!” which, as Wittgenstein would be prompt to point out, is impossible. The sensations, art, aesthetics, and religion are individual sensations, with a communal linkage called “language”. But, compared to one’s sensations, language is the most inexact means of describing what one feels or senses.
People, as Wittgenstein theorizes, “cannot be said to learn of my sensations only from my behaviour, for I cannot be said to learn of them- I have them” (Wittgenstein, 1953, p. 89). On the other hand, this sort of “investigation” of sensations makes Wittgenstein ask whether ”
Essay Subject:
Discusses the battle for minds engaged in by philosophy.... More...
8 Pages / 1800 Words
7 sources, 13 Citations,
APA Format
$32.00
Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Discusses the battle for minds engaged in by philosophy. Past and present philosophies, beliefs, approaches. Philosophical ideas of wisdom and truth. Philosophy as a battle for people's souls. Concepts of early Greeks, Wittgenstein, Muhammad and others. Philosophies of variouis religious leaders. Argues that today's beliefs have no philosophical foundation.
Paper Introduction: PHILOSOPHY: THE BATTLE
“The complexity of philosophy is not in its matter, but in our tangled understanding….Have philosophers hitherto always spoken nonsense?” (Wittgenstein, 1975, p. 9-10). Who is competent to either deny or refute Wittgenstein?
A cynic may claim that philosophy is spinning straw out of gold.
The word ‘philosophy’ not only varies in its descriptive significance, now designating one part of learning, now another, and sometimes even an attitude of mind or a way of life, but it also varies as a term of evaluation (Adler 1952 341).
Philosophy may well be called a “Battle” since it is almost never neutral; it usually espouses one set of beliefs or another, trying to con
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF ENGINEERS. Term Paper ID:30285
Essay Subject:
Discusses the introduction of normative values into the practice of engineering.... More...
10 Pages / 2250 Words
9 sources, 19 Citations,
APA Format
$40.00
Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Discusses the introductioin of normative values into the practice of engineering. Application of ethical principles. Customary practice of engineering (cost, efficiency, scheduling, risks). Putting a system of ethics into the process to create a framework to consider potential actions. Varioius sytems of ethics (Utilitarianism, Deontology). Ethical problems of decision making.
Paper Introduction: THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF ENGINEERS TO SOCIETY
The consideration of the social responsibilities of engineers involves the concept of introducing normative values into the generally positivist practice of engineering. The introduction of normative values into the practice of engineering, in turn involves the application of systems of ethics and ethical principles to the process of engineering practice and engineering management (Lynch & Kline, 2000).
The customary practice of engineering involves attention to the balancing of issues such as cost, efficiency, scheduling, best practices, and various types of risk in the design, construction, and completion of a project (Buckam, Ehrenfeld, & Rainwater, 2000). The application of systems of ethics and ethical principles to this process means that the engineer must overlay the
Essay Subject:
Examines philosophical approaches to truth.... More...
7 Pages / 1575 Words
5 sources, 15 Citations,
APA Format
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Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Examines philosophical approaches to truth. The connection of Pragmatism & other philosophies to decision making & leadership in a corporate setting. Traditional philosophies of knowledge. Problems inherent in views of truth. The pragmatic argument. Distinguishing between what is materially real & true as poosed to ideally real & true.
Paper Introduction: This research examines the philosophy of pragmatism vis-à-vis other philosophical approaches to truth and the connection of pragmatism and other philosophies to questions of decision making and leadership in a corporate setting. The research will set forth issue fronts approached by traditional philosophies of knowledge and then discuss how the approaches to truth taken by these traditional philosophies compare with that of pragmatism, with a view toward identifying the relative utility and drawbacks of pragmatism where the assertion of a leadership role becomes an issue.
Traditional philosophies of knowledge explore what is true, while other areas of philosophy deal with what is real and what is good or beautiful. To say that knowing what is true involves both knowledge and truth is to appreciate two distinct branches of ph
Essay Subject:
Examines the debate over dualism in philosophy and psychology.... More...
16 Pages / 3600 Words
17 sources, 40 Citations,
Format
$64.00
Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Examines the debate over dualism in philosophy and psychology. Plato's doctrine of ideal form. Aristotle's concept of the actual & the potential. Ideas of Acquinas, Descartes, Kant. Freud's theory of human experience & behavior; his dream theory. Theories of Jung, Adler, Nagel & Churchland. Psychopharmocology & affect of drugs on mind-body split.
Paper Introduction: This research examines the mind-body dualism split in the history of psychology. The research will review the philosophical background of dualism and then discuss how the legacy of philosophical dualism informed the emergence of psychological theory and its application in practice over the course of the 20th century.
What must be appreciated about the debate over dualism in psychology and philosophy is that in each of these disciplines, most answers are either partial or always subject to further debate, not only on account of conceptually creative theory but also on account of the accumulation of an increasing body of new, scientifically verifiable knowledge and information about how body and mind function. The dualism debate arose in the ancient period, not solely between Plato and Aristotle but in part
Essay Subject:
Examaines the cultural and historical contexts of More's work as a critique of 16th Century Northern European society.... More...
12 Pages / 2700 Words
5 sources, 5 Citations,
TURABIAN Format
$48.00
Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Examines the cultural and historical contexts of More's work as a critique of 16th Century Northern European society. More's creation of ideal conditions that exist on the imaginary island of Utopia. Adverse effect of pride. Place of religion. The ideology of the Renaissance. More's humanist vision. Details the Utopia life.
Paper Introduction: THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXTS
OF THOMAS MORE’S UTOPIA
Thomas More’s Utopia is a work that is a complex critique of sixteenth century northern European society. This critique is accomplished by way of postulating various ideal conditions that exist on an imaginary island called Utopia, and then these conditions are contrasted with the conditions prevalent in the Europe of More’s day. One of these ideal concepts that Utopia gives us is the description of how perfection has been achieved, namely, through the eradication of pride – the root of all evil in humankind. Let us examine this concept more closely, while being mindful of the socio-historical contexts of the sixteenth century.
By the beg
JOHN LOCKE'S THEORY OF NATURAL LAW. Term Paper ID:30025
Essay Subject:
Examines premises that Locke bases his theory upon.... More...
5 Pages / 1125 Words
2 sources, 8 Citations,
APA Format
$20.00
Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Examines premises that Locke bases his theory upon. Law of God and Civil laws. Belief in superior power of God. Why man's laws can be changed, but not God's. Natural law and the state of nature. Locke's theory of property & property rights. Rule of common reason & equity. Discusses how Locke's 17th Century theory can be applied, or not applied, to the complex modern world.
Paper Introduction: JOHN LOCKE’S THEORY OF NATURAL LAW
Natural law, as Locke saw it, was something above and beyond laws made by Man. “He is quite confident that civil laws do not necessarily oblige the individual conscience, but he maintains there is a law of God which forbids ‘disturbance or dissolution of governments’” (Laslett, 1999, p. 35). It is interesting to note that this sort of “natural” law’s premises were founded on the belief in the superior power of God, and that God, literally as well as figuratively, created governments that rule, and laws that regulated that rule. It may be obvious, then, that America’s Pledge of Allegiance, refers to “one nation under God”- which seems a direct descendant of the idea of natural laws as developed in the seventeenth century, a hundred years before the idea of an American democracy became fact.
If, as one
Essay Subject:
Discusses views of philosophers (Descartes, Locke) & psychologists on what constitutes consciousness.... More...
7 Pages / 1575 Words
6 sources, 13 Citations,
APA Format
$28.00
Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Discusses views of philosophers (Descartes, Locke) & psychologists on what constitutes consciousness. Contends there is no agreed upon definition. Research on subject of consciousness including altered states of consciousness, sleep & dreams, biofeedback, meditation, hypnoses, drug-induced states. Cites Great Ape Project & question of animal consciouisness. Examples of chimpanzees & gorillas. Self-awareness as a test of consciousness.
Paper Introduction:
According to the World Almanac (2000), there is no agreed-upon definition of consciousness. Consciousness has been described as sensations, thoughts, or feelings. Historically consciousness has been discussed in different ways.
In the 17th century, the French philosopher and mathematician, Rene Descartes, asked, AIs the mind, or consciousness, independent of matter? Is consciousness extended (physical) or unextended (nonphysical)? Is consciousness determinative, or is it determined (p. 1)?@
English philosophers such as John Locke thought of consciousness as being associated with physical sensations which provided information.
In 1876, Wilhelm Max Wundt, a German psychologist studied
Essay Subject:
Discusses purpose and benefits of education.... More...
11 Pages / 2475 Words
14 sources, 26 Citations,
MLA Format
$44.00
Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Discusses purpose and benefits of education. Educational goals and methods. Relationship between education and truth, the role of human nature in the educational process, the pedagogical environment, and the optimal content of educational curricula. Views of Aristotle and Plato regarding the quality of education. Epistemology. Descartes. Hume. Nietzsche.
Paper Introduction: Introduction
The purpose of this research is to articulate a philosophy of education. The research will set forth a working definition of the purposes of education and the social and psychological benefits it is meant to provide, and then discuss educational goals and methods, including the relationship between education and truth, the role of human nature in the educational process, the pedagogical environment, and the optimal content of educational curricula.
Purpose of Education
The fact that education has been an issue of concern to a variety of Western commentators from the ancient period onward implies that its structure and content affect the structure and content of society and responsible participants in it. Although
5 Pages / 1125 Words
2 sources, 13 Citations,
MLA Format
$20.00
Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Philosophical interpretations. The reality Eve saw in the apple; her knowledge and judgment. View of Locke and Leibnitz explaining Eve's reality and the concept of evil in the world. Differences between the two theorists regarding rational knowledge, the senses, consequences, free will and the concept of God.
Paper Introduction: ALL ABOUT EVE, LOCKE AND LEIBNITZ
To answer this proposed question, we must assume facts not in evidence: that Eve and the apple are real and not illusory. As Locke would have it:
as God has set some things in broad day-light, as he has given us some certain knowledge though limited to a few things in comparison, probably as a taste of what intellectual creatures are capable of, to excite in us a desire and endeavour after a better state (Cummins 250).
Eve saw reality in the extended apple. Her reality was that she was either hungry or simply desirous of something sweet and tasty, namely, an apple. It would have made little difference to her if the apple had been yellow or green, although red is surely a more pl
6 Pages / 1350 Words
2 sources, 11 Citations,
MLA Format
$24.00
Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Concepts of Leibniz. His philosophical system. Principles of noncontradiction and sufficient reason. His argument for God's perfection in "Discourse on Metaphysics" (1686). Major thesis that God's creations must be perfect in order for God to be perfect. Idea of free will. Spinoza's panthesistic argument. Problem of evil.
Paper Introduction: Leibniz's philosophical system relied on the foundational principles of noncontradiction and sufficient reason. In his Discourse on Metaphysics (1686), Leibniz argued that the perfection of God was demonstrable through the principle of noncontradiction and that His perfection meant that God's creations must also be perfect. For various reasons, of course, the universe may appear to be far less than perfect but Leibniz invoked the principle of sufficient reason, which he held was basic to all reasoning, to demonstrate the perfection of creation. This principle states that there is no true fact or proposition without a sufficient reason for its being as it is and not otherwise. There is, in short, a reason for everything even though, in most cases, these reasons are not within the scope of human comprehension. If creation is perfect it is
Essay Subject:
Views of three philosophers on the right course of action.... More...
8 Pages / 1800 Words
3 sources, 6 Citations,
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Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Views of three philosophers on the right course of action. Compares Aristotle ("Nicomachean Ethics"), John Stuart Mill (Utilitarianism) and Immanuel Kant ("Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals"). Contends that the approaches of all three philosophers are reasonable, but Aristotle's is superior by emphasizing the course of right action.
Paper Introduction: This study will examine and compare the views of three philosophers on how we should decide the right course of action. The study will consider the moral theories of Aristotle (in Nicomachean Ethics), John Stuart Mill (in Utilitarianism), and Immanuel Kant (in Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals). The study will conclude that each approach has qualities to recommend it, but Aristotle's appears to this reader to be superior. Kant's places great responsibility on the freedom of the individual's will as an expression of God's will, determined through reason, rather than on individual perception, but his categorical imperative is too extreme. Mill's approach is reasonable, but it ignores God's will and puts all power for defining morality in terms of man's definition of "pleasure" or "happiness." Mill also seems to turn some responsibility for action over to the community rather than the individual.
Aristotle defines moral virtue as the possession of such qualities as self-control, courage, generosity, high-mindedness, gentleness, friendliness, truthfulness, etc. The possession of such qualities occurs through action---acts of self-control, courage, generosity, etc. Actions of such self-control, courage, etc., occur again and again in the life of the morally virtuous individual. Moral virtue, then, is a factor not of genetics but of action, and particularly repeated action.
Essay Subject:
How philosophy differs from myth and religion.... More...
4 Pages / 900 Words
4 sources, 6 Citations,
APA Format
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Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: How philosophy differs from myth and religion. Philosophy as a love of knowledge. Ideas of Immanuel Kant. Development of myths. Geocentric view of the world and the Catholic religion. The heliocentric theory of Copernicus and Galileo. Descartes' reasoning. Metaphysics. Philosophy of Science.
Paper Introduction: Philosophy, Myth and Religion
This paper will address the dual issues of what is philosophy, and then how does philosophy differ from myth and religion? It is generally accepted that “philosophy” is a love of knowledge, with the primary word here being the Greek word for knowledge -- “sophos”. In ancient Athens, the wise men were called “sophists” who loved knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Immanuel Kant, a philosopher who lived much later, described the origin of philosophy as being in three stages (Heidegger, 1963).
In the earliest days of mankind, when there was little knowledge and society was just beginning, man’s thinking was basically “geo-centric” and the idea was that the earth was the center of the universe and that the stars moved around the earth. Joseph Ca
5 Pages / 1125 Words
5 sources, 13 Citations,
APA Format
$20.00
Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Examines three systems. John Rawls' theory of distributive justice to achieve equality. Fairness and justice. Aristotle's virtue ethics, and the underlying moral character of an individual. Excellence of thought and of character. Aristotle's six dimensions of virtue ethics. Machiavillian ethics. Rejection of pursuit of good for its own sake. Machiavelli's ideas on effective leaders.
Paper Introduction: Three Ethical Systems Analyzed
Rawls, Distributive Justice and the Social Contract
The deontological ethical theory advanced by John Rawls and earlier, by John Locke, can be understood as a contractarian alternative to traditional Kantian deontology (Donaldson & Werhane, 2002). Rawls attempts to “establish universal principles of a just society through what might be called ‘social contract thought experiments (Donaldson & Werhane, 2002, p. 8).’”
Rawls develops an ethical system which begins by asking “which principles of justice rational persons will formulate if they were behind a ‘veil of ignorance’ – if each person knew nothing about who he or she was (Donaldson & Werhane, 2002, p. 8).” If an individual knew nothing about the self, he would ultimately, in th
Essay Subject:
Analysis of decisions made by human beings.... More...
4 Pages / 900 Words
4 sources, 13 Citations,
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Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Analysis of decisions made by human beings. The trait of will or volition. Argues that humans have freewill in some of their choices, and these choices are not predestined. Ideas of Cicero, Augustine, and Thomas Nagel. Nagel's doctrine that choices and actions are inevitable. Cicero's arguments for freewill. Augustine's premise that freewill and fate are both part of human existence.
Paper Introduction: The debate over the factor of freewill or fate in the existence of humankind has been going on since before the time of Marcus Tullius Cicero (Augustine 216). In contrast to Aurelius Augustine, who argued that both freewill and fate are part of the human existence, Cicero argued solely for freewill, attacking the Stoic doctrine of unalterable fate (Augustine 216). In Thomas Nagel's essay "Free Will", he argues that, despite appearances of freewill or choice in daily decision making, human actions are basically determined ahead of time (Nagel 52). This paper will argue that humans, possessing the trait of "volition", have freewill in at least some of the choices they make and these choices are not necessarily predestined.
Nagel, in arguing that the decisions that humans make are predetermined, compares the choices that people make with
Essay Subject:
Critical analysis of his agument for existence of God & his optimistic philosophy.... More...
6 Pages / 1350 Words
3 sources, 9 Citations,
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Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Critical analysis of his agument for existence of God & his optimistic philosophy.
Paper Introduction: Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz was born in Leipzig in 1646 and died at the age of 70 in 1716. His philosophy was in part a rejection of the philosophies of Descartes and Spinoza and what he saw as their inadequate explanation of the relationship between "God, man, and nature, each of which Leibniz wanted to keep separate." Leibniz seems to have been determined to create a philosophy which was as positive as possible, rather than to rigorously explore reality scientifically and objectively and declare what he had found whatever it might be. It is no surprise, in that context, to find that Leibniz not only argues for the existence of God, but also goes on to argue that God has essentially created the best of all possible worlds here, despite any evidence to the contrary. Leibniz's optimism seems to fly in the face of all the evidence that this is hardly a perfect world.
The Political Views of Burke & Moore Term Paper ID:27874
Essay Subject:
Compares political ideological perspectives of Sir Thomas Moore (Humanism) & Edmund Burke (Conservatism).... More...
6 Pages / 1350 Words
4 sources, 11 Citations,
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Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Compares political ideological perspectives of Sir Thomas Moore (Humanism) & Edmund Burke (Conservatism).
Paper Introduction: The following examines the ideological perspectives of Sir Thomas More and Edmund Burke. More was considered a humanist, while Burke has been viewed as an important figure in the development of conservative political thought.
Sir Thomas More, also known as Saint Thomas More (because of sanctification by the Catholic Church) is probably best known for his confrontation with King Henry VIII, for which he lost his life. He was a statesman as well as a political and social philosopher. His most famous work is his Utopia, a book in which he created his version of a perfect society and gave his name to such conceptions ever after as "utopias." The word is of Greek origin, a play on the Greek word eutopos, meaning good place. In the book, More describes a pagan and communist city-state in which the institutions and policies are governed entirely by
Essay Subject:
Comparison of the views of Edmund Burke and Herber Marcuse. Burke's basic view is that government should be a mutually restraining relationship between ruler and subjects. Marcuse's view is that the history of man is the history of oppression.... More...
5 Pages / 1125 Words
2 sources, 5 Citations,
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Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Comparison of the views of Edmund Burke and Herber Marcuse. Burke's basic view is that government should be a mutually restraining relationship between ruler and subjects. Marcuse's view is that the history of man is the history of oppression.
Paper Introduction: Underlying ideology controls how human beings relate to their environment, to one another, and to ideas. Ideology refers to ideas that motivate people to intervene directly in the political process. Political thinkers of necessity must have a view of how people react to ideas and of what motivates human beings to take action. Edmund Burke and Herbert Marcuse are widely separated by time and approach in their political thought. They have different views of human nature, human psychology, and what an ideology must have to motivate people to take political action.
Edmund Burke was born in the eighteenth century. He was a statesman and a political thinker. His views on government have been cited by conservative thinkers. For Burke, government should ideally be a cooperative, mutually restraining relation of ruler
John Stuart Mill's Views on Liberalism Term Paper ID:27790
Essay Subject:
Discussion of John Stuart Mill's essay, "On Liberty." The position taken is that Mill goes beyond simply detailing human freedoms; he truly analyzes them and makes tangible & accessible his theories of the importance of exercising innate humane rights... More...
5 Pages / 1125 Words
1 sources, 13 Citations,
APA Format
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Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Discussion of John Stuart Mill's essay, "On Liberty." The position taken is that Mill goes beyond simply detailing human freedoms; he truly analyzes them and makes tangible & accessible his theories of the importance of exercising innate humane rights
Paper Introduction: JOHN STUART MILL'S VIEWS ON LIBERALISM
Introduction
John Stuart Mill' s views on liberalism and human freedom were born out of the English intellectual group known as the Philosophical Radicals. According to one of the groups strongest defenders, Jeremy Bentham, the goal of society was to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number. By comparison with the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States, there is nothing at all unusual about this idea. Indeed, the ideas of Adam Smith, which reflect the capitalistic laissez-faire version of following ones bliss, is alive and well in most first world societies. John Stuart Mill went much further than most in defining with specificity what our human freedoms are, as reflected in his liberal views (Beatty &
Essay Subject:
Among other things, Hume's concept of utility describes the development of a general concept of of justice that is rooted in the relative equity between members of a society.... More...
6 Pages / 1350 Words
1 sources, 17 Citations,
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Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Among other things, Hume's concept of utility describes the development of a general concept of of justice that is rooted in the relative equity between members of a society.
Paper Introduction: Hume and Utility
Introduction
The concept of utility, as developed by David Hume in An Enquiry Concerning the Principals of Morals, is about the evolution of a general concept of justice, based on the relative equity that does (or should) exist between members of society. The concept of justice is only one facet that arises out of Hume's idea of utility. In short, what Hume is alluding to, is a kind of societal muscle that comes into use out of need, and becomes strong through use (Hume, 1983).
Utility
Hume starts with a very simple concept, the idea that justice as we have come to recognize it, is not a function of one person
Hume & the Foundation of Morality Term Paper ID:27767
Essay Subject:
Hume uses reason & sentiment as a means of discussing the origins of morality. Reason points to what actions are beneficial to society, and sentiment is the emotional disposition which guides reason. Aristotle's views are also mentioned here.... More...
6 Pages / 1350 Words
2 sources, 16 Citations,
TURABIAN Format
$24.00
Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Hume uses reason & sentiment as a means of discussing the origins of morality. Reason points to what actions are beneficial to society, and sentiment is the emotional disposition which guides reason. Aristotle's views are also mentioned here.
Paper Introduction: Hume and the Foundation of Morality
Introduction
David Hume, in An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, delves into the foundations of morality. He divides the origins of morality into two possible sources, reason and sentiment. He defines reason as that facility or quality or action that "can instruct us in the tendency of qualities and actions, and point out their beneficial consequences to society (Hume, 1983, p. 82). He defines sentiment as the emotional disposition that guides reason. In example after example Hume makes it clear that reason should be regarded as a qualitative tool that helps us define our world. Without sentiment as the spur, reason would not be employed effectively (Hume, 1983).
Essay Subject:
Presentation of hedonism as the best philosophical stance for the good of society. Argues that hedonism will provide society of free, self-fulfilled individuals. Also presents & refutes arguments against hedonism.... More...
9 Pages / 2025 Words
2 sources, 5 Citations,
TURABIAN Format
$36.00
Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Presentation of hedonism as the best philosophical stance for the good of society. Argues that hedonism will provide society of free, self-fulfilled individuals. Also presents & refutes arguments against hedonism.
Paper Introduction: Philosophy and Society
Hedonism is the best philosophical stance for the good of society because it ensures that each member of the society works toward his or her greatest pleasure. Hedonism emphasizes the free, rational choice of each individual which stems from desire that is motivated by pleasure. It is, in other words, a totally non-coercive system that supports the development of a society of free, self-fulfilled, individuals.
Best Argument in Defense of Theory
Although hedonism can be considered as simply an aspect of ethical egoism, there are a number of variations within hedonism itself and it can fruitfully be explored as a separate
Essay Subject:
Discussion of Nietzsche's view of morals, duty, & the law as being rooted in memory & forgetfulness. Describes both as active processes which enable humans to make & keep or break promises.... More...
4 Pages / 900 Words
1 sources, 6 Citations,
MLA Format
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Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Discussion of Nietzsche's view of morals, duty, & the law as being rooted in memory & forgetfulness. Describes both as active processes which enable humans to make & keep or break promises.
Paper Introduction: The role of memory is addressed by Nietzsche as he makes reference to its opposite, forgetfulness. With the existence of memory comes the right to make promises. Nietzsche discusses forgetfulness and from this discussion turns to the question of how responsibility originated and how it operates in life. From the sphere of legal obligations comes the concept of guilt and the accompanying issues of conscience and duty. Memory is an important force in the development of, and possibility of, responsibility and all that belongs to that idea.
For Nietzsche, memory and forgetfulness are opposing forces. Forgetfulness is not merely the absence of something. It is not what many people think it is, the result of not exercising the memory. In that view, we forget what we do not actively seek to remember, and forgetfulness is thus a form of inertia -- if we do nothi
Essay Subject:
Reviews, mainly from a religious standpoint, idea of how mortality affects human relationships with God. Focuses on ideas found in Ernes Becker's THE DENIAL OF DEATH.... More...
5 Pages / 1125 Words
1 sources, 4 Citations,
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Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Reviews, mainly from a religious standpoint, idea of how mortality affects human relationships with God. Focuses on ideas found in Ernes Becker's THE DENIAL OF DEATH.
Paper Introduction: The Denial of Death
Introduction:
The problem that Ernest Becker addresses in this book is one that theologians such as Paul Tillich, and philosophers like Albert Camus, have sought to confront in their work. It is the problem of finitude, or mortality, and the essential absurdity of human existence in the face of what Becker calls:
Creation . . . a nightmare spectacular taking place on a planet that has been soaked for hundreds of millions of years in the blood of all its creatures. (Becker, 1973, p. 283)
Becker approaches the issue primarily through psychology, although also drawing upon the work of theologians and others. It
Secularization of Social & Political Life in the West Term Paper ID:27689
Essay Subject:
Describes decline of religious influence on society & politics throughout the 18th & 19th centuries. Presents rise in rationalism, humanism, & nationalism.... More...
5 Pages / 1125 Words
5 sources, 5 Citations,
MLA Format
$20.00
Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Describes decline of religious influence on society & politics throughout the 18th & 19th centuries. Presents rise in rationalism, humanism, & nationalism.
Paper Introduction: Introduction
In the modern era there has been a trend toward increasing secularization and so away from religious influence in social and political life in Western society. This period has been one of considerable turmoil in Western society, with a number of intellectual movements developing from secular roots. One might think that the development of anti-religious Marxism as an enemy ideology would be met with a resurgence of religious fervor in the West, but this did not happen. Instead, the underlying forces that produced Marxism as well contributed to a more secular emphasis in the Western world, forces such as urbanization, the development of a new scientific paradigm, the ascendance of rationalism in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and a new emphasis on nationalism.
Essay Subject:
Philosophical examination of age-old topics such as immortality of the soul, happiness, & morality. Emphasis given to the works of Socrates & Kant.... More...
4 Pages / 900 Words
2 sources, 2 Citations,
MLA Format
$16.00
Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Philosophical examination of age-old topics such as immortality of the soul, happiness, & morality. Emphasis given to the works of Socrates & Kant.
Paper Introduction: Human beings have been asking for centuries for the answer to the question as to what is the meaning of life, and answers have not been in short supply. There is a good reason for this--there is no single answer to the question. Indeed, in one sense the answer is as varied as there are human beings, for the meaning of life may be what we make of life itself. For some people, there is no meaning, and they plod along and do as little as possible until they die. For others, the basic answer is that the meaning of life is life itself. We cling to life for a good reason--we know how valuable it is, and we know that we derive our sense of meaning in our lives by living. At the same time, there are a number of key issues which have been identified through the ages and which point to ways of expanding on the meaning of life so that we do more than live--we live with direc
On the Nature of the Supreme Deity - Descartes & Hume Term Paper ID:27583
Essay Subject:
Review of the arguments of Descartes & Hume for the existence of God. Descartes' argument from definition & Humes' teleological argument (argument from design) are examined.... More...
7 Pages / 1575 Words
2 sources, 17 Citations,
TURABIAN Format
$28.00
Read this research paper. Paper Abstract: Review of the arguments of Descartes & Hume for the existence of God. Descartes' argument from definition & Humes' teleological argument (argument from design) are examined.
Paper Introduction: Rene Descartes, in his work, The Meditations on First Philosophy (1953) ed., and David Hume, in his work, An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1955 ed.), both argue for the existence of a supreme deity. Descartes believes that the deity is a perfect being living in the consciousness of men. Indeed, his God represents the supreme consciousness or all knowing mind. David Hume sees proof for the existence of God in the perfect and complex order of nature. Thus, the primary difference between the two philosophers concerns where they seek their evidence for the existence of the Deity. Descartes seeks God within man or through internal evidence. Whereas Hume seeks evidence for God's existence through external observations of the world around us. Although to some degree Hume also accepts Descartes' hypothesis that God must exist as long on as man carries awareness of him in his c
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