CROSS-CULTURAL COUNSELING.   Term Paper ID:7417 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Examines problems such as racial attitudes, cultural differences, self-disclosure & transference.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Examines problems such as racial attitudes, cultural differences, self-disclosure & transference. Paper Introduction: The purpose of this research is to examine the counseling process in cross-cultural counseling. Views are presented for both sides of the issue. Although some educators feel the clients suffer articles are cited with evidence that this is not necessarily true. Problems occur in counseling minority students because it is difficult to establish a rapport. There are racial and cultural attitudes that the client and counselor bring to the relationship. If these ethnic and cultural attitudes are not clearly understood barriers develop which impede the counseling process. The rapport established in the counseling process is the line of communication that must be maintained. The difficulties that arise when a white counselor is working with a black counselee stem from the separate status that has caused blacks Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. To help establish rapport with minority group members, especiallyones who have not experienced much contact with members of the dominantcultural group the counselor should avoid extremes in behavior. Results of this study showed thatsubjects did not favor counselors on the dimensions of effectiveness andskill level as a function of race. Counselors should also examine their ownunderstanding of guidance services to determine if they are helpingstudents. When counselors do not understand their clientsthey should ask them to clarify the statement before confusion disrupts theprocess. Peer counselors can be effective in helping students who will notseek help from white counselors. Manyblacks have a difficult time self-disclosing because they do not perceivewhite as being interested in promoted their well-being. Grinspoon (1972) reported on in-service education in a communitycollege setting. The perceptual distortions and hostilitycontribute to barriers in the counseling relationship. "Back perceptions of guidance," Personnel and Guidance Journal: May 197 ; 48(9), 721-727.Vontress, C. The problems that exist in counseling minority students derive fromcross-cultural barriers that cause communication barriers and distortinteractions of individuals from culturally different backgrounds.Counselors should realize that in order to counsel minority students theymust change, not the students. Pallone, Hurley and Rickard (1973) reported an investigation todetermine whether black and white high school youth of both sexes holddifferent expectations of counselor assistance in problem situations. Under certain conditions educators feel whitecounselors are effective in counseling black students. J., R. and B. S. D. Contrary to this opinion, is the view held by Green, cited byPhillips (1971, 48) who stated that with a special knowledge of the needsof blacks gained by studying their psychological and sociologicalbackground, a sensitive white counselor can structure the atmosphere toallow the black student to freely express himself. The student does not want to hear how much Willie Mays hasdone to convince white people that blacks are human. Itwas anticipated that white students would regard a counselor as a primesource of help in educational and vocational problems and that fewer blackstudents would perceive the counselor as a source of help. If these ethnic and culturalattitudes are not clearly understood barriers develop which impede thecounseling process. "Counseling blacks," Personnel and Guidance Journal: May 197 ; 48(9), 713-719.Vontress, C. "Black and white students' attitudes toward white counselors," Journal of Negro Education: Winter 1971; 4 , 48-52.Carter, J. Rickard. In a black-black counseling dyad, the client'sambivalence and self-hatred must be considered. Counseling and the minority group student. Studies concerning the question of who should counsel the blackstudent are inconclusive. The black students' perception of counselors will be changedwhen counselors stop viewing them as a special problem. B. The black students in this study did not consider thecounselors as being oppressors, but perceived them in the same way as thewhite students. Counseling minority students in predominantly white schools cannot beeffective without a sensitizing experience. If counselors want togo further than the mechanical aspects in a counseling relationship theymust perform their tasks better to establish confidence and trust withblack students. The difficulties that arise when awhite counselor is working with a black counselee stem from the separatestatus that has caused blacks and whites to develop unique approaches todealing with their environment. Participants ofthe workshop in order to counsel in cross-cultural situations had to acceptthe fact that very few people has escaped the effects of racism. Clients expect counselors tobe supportive or punishing. They are also consumed with envy because theyhave not succeeded. Counseling is viewed as afunction of the establishment by most minority students. H. Success was attributed to thestudents' lack of intimidation and greater understanding by theadministration in black institutions. A study reported by Phillips (1971) examined the nature of black andwhite student attitudes toward white counselors in an inner city highschool. For effective counseling to occur thecounselor must understand himself. Black females emerged as having a lower attitudethan black males. Minorities believe the achiever must have collaborated with theenemy to have succeeded. Problems occur incounseling minority students because it is difficult to establish arapport. Non-verbal language plays an important role in the communication process.People of Spanish heritage need bilingual counselors to help them adjust.Certain slang expressions and idioms are characteristic of the minority sub-culture and may make communication extremely difficult if the counselorfails to understand them. Black clients mayalso fear the counselor who has the ability to understand him because thatwould make him even more vulnerable in a racist society. This ambivalence is magnified when the minority groupsuffers from self-hatred. Members of oppressed minority groups, often despise their group andthemselves for being members of the group. Those who feel onlyblack counselors should counsel black students, feel white counselors areinsensitive to the needs of black students. For the white counselorto be effective in working with black students, the white counselor mustunderstand the economic and social problems of the black student and mustalso be aggressive to make the black student recognize his abilities. By helping other students, the peercounselors were better able to understand themselves. Anglo-female counselors should notbe too aggressive in the counseling process with Hispanic males. E. Thereasons behind this may be due to experiences with people who remind themof the counselor and social conditioning has taught them to react tomajority group members with suspicion. Further research is needed in the area of cross-cultural counseling.The variables such as self-disclosure and transference as part of thecounseling proces need to be explored. This term refers to one'smanhood and the traits of honor and dignity. Theywere aware of appropriate resources to assist them in their problems andthey did not consider the school counselor to be a chief source ofassistance. Although some educators feel the clients suffer articles are citedwith evidence that this is not necessarily true. Albany, NY: State University of New York, 1972.Pallone, N. Black students more openly expressed their reservations aboutrelating to counselors of the opposite race. The responses did not reflect a favorable attitude toward thecounseling situation. E. The black studentwants to be treated as an individual who has the right to participate indecisions affecting his life. A study on counselees who posses the same characteristics towardcounselor-counselee conditions regardless of race, was explained by Wright(1975). "Racial differences: Impediments to rapport," Journal of Counseling Psychology: 1971; 18(1), 7-13.Vontress, C. The workshops were conducted to focus on counseling andthe minority group student. Previous counseling efforts between white andblack students and counselors had lacked positive results. The counselors who participated in this study were white. When counseling members of Spanish heritage it is important that thecounselor understand the meaning of machismo. BIBLIOGRAPHYBurrell, L. He also noted that white counselors can never achieve thedegree of understanding which is necessary to adequately counsel blacks. Ultimate trust depended on how well the counselor helped thestudents in concrete ways. The purpose of this research is to examine the counseling process incross-cultural counseling. The correlation between self-rejection and the rejection of others is thebasis for black clients sometimes rejecting the counselor. His study was approached with the purpose of providing evidence todelineate counselor-counselee conditions which affect perceptions oftrusting black and white clients. Investigators conducting theresearch must be multi-cultural so they can perceive across racial andethnic barriers. Counselees interviewed by acounselor of a different race experienced greater changes (negative topositive) in perceptions relevant to the counselors' ability to demonstratewarmth after direct encounters. Failure of clear communication can result inmisunderstandings. Views are presented for both sides of theissue. M. E. Counselors must do more for blacks because theyperceive their problems in a framework of immediacy. Educators andsupervisors must also gain insight into the minority students' behavior tohelp counselors and students establish programs of learning activities. The counselor must be able to understand the culture and language ofthe minority group member in order to help him solve his problems. Counselors do not need to resort to techniques they would notordinarily use with other students. Transference is common in the counseling process and becomescomplicated in a majority-minority situation. Counselors should not initiate smalltalk if they are uncertain what type of small talk is appropriate. The results of the Pallone, et al. Native Americans are suspicious ofpeople asking too many questions. Black females may be confused by their changing roles asthe black male becomes a stronger figure in his culture. The suggestions offered at theworkshop included encouraging internal support such as Black Student Unionsand group counseling sessions for minority students to share problems in asupportive atmosphere. Counselors were urged to fulfill the material needs of thestudents before trying to conduct in-depth counseling. The minority students were in need of career,academic and financial counseling and considered their personal problems assecondary. In-service training, workshops and seminars can provide counselorswith knowledge and experiential activities with minorities. People from minority groups have had limited experiences withcounselors. Blacks in the United Stateshave unconsciously identified with the majority group, whom they alsoperceived as oppressors and consequently developed contempt for themselves. "Black students and school counselors: Rhetoric and reality," The School Counselor: March 1973; 2 (4), 259-266.Russell, R. Their attitudes and stereotyped ideas shouldbe examined and dealt with. By moving thecounseling center out of the departmental atmosphere and into the students'environment more students will take advantage of its services. Cimbolic (1972) reported a study that investigated how black studentsrated counselor effectiveness and whether the ratings reflected race ofexperience level of the counselor. The counselor should be aware of hisown cultural conditioning to enable him to understand what he is doing andwhy. He shouldrefrain from over or under dressing. "Relationships of trust and racial perceptions toward therapist-client conditions during counseling," Journal of Negro Education: Spring 1975; 44(2), 161-169.----------------------- 11 The rapport established in the counseling process is the line ofcommunication that must be maintained. "Inpatient therapy for black paranoid men," Hospital and Community Psychiatry: June 1972;23, 32-34.Cimbolic, P. Black student responses were significantly lowerthan white responses. It was pointed out that black students who had graduated from blackinstitutions had done better academically than black students who hadattended predominantly white institutions. The image the black student has of guidance counselors was created bythe counselors and must, therefore, be changed by the counselors.Counselors should reflect on the changing times as institutions areadjusting to individuals. Machismo elicits respect frommale peers and cannot be taken lightly. Efforts should be made to break away from the traditionallystructured counselor-counselee relationship. Implications from this study suggested that to buildrapport, the counselor must meet the client at the level of his needs. Hurley, and F. Men enjoy privileges denied womenwho are reluctant to demand equality. It is important for the counselor to explain what heexpects from the client. The self-hatred can causeeach to reject the other which helps to explain why white counselors may bemore effective in counseling some black counselees. Jordan. Minorities are so disadvantaged that when one of them has succeededhe is suspected by members of his own racial and ethnic group (Vontress,1973, 7). Russell (197 , 727) contended thatblack students resent being patronized and they are constantly alert forsigns of it. Studentssuggested that counseling be done in the student lounge or the library. Self-disclosure which is basic to the counseling process, is themeans by which individuals make themselves known to other people. Theminority group students considered the counselors guilty until proveninnocent. The counselor working within this context should define hisrole to clients. Minority counselors and administrators can providerole models and establish meaningful relationships with students andutilize community resources by holding group sessions in the communitywhere the students feel more comfortable. study demonstrated that highschool students suffered problems in personal and social adjustment. Minority group members usually anticipatepunishing or controlling behavior to be exhibited by the counselor. Results from the study indicated thatboth races enter the counseling relationship with preconceived feelingsabout the opposite race. They favored the counselors who weremore experienced regardless of race. There are racial and cultural attitudes that the client andcounselor bring to the relationship. Effective counseling relationships will not be based on the race ofthe counselor and counselee but on the psychological skills of thecounselor and the depth of the relationship established by the counselor(Grinspoon, 1972, 15). White counselors need to changetheir attitudes instead of trying to solve black peoples' problems. White counselors who lacktraining and experience in working with black students may allowpreconceived stereotypes to interfere with the counseling process.Phillips, as cited by Burrell (1971, 48), stated that the white counselor-black counselee relationship is ineffective because of deep feelings ofmutual distrust. "Counselor race and experience effects on black clients," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology; 1972; 39(2), 328-332.Grinspoon, K. The data supported the concept that whitecounselors can demonstrate with both races the ability to recognizefeelings of the other person. New tests should beutilized to measure minority students' abilities and aptitudes. He should explain what, how and why he intends to do whathe is going to do. "Racial and ethnic barriers in counseling," Paperpresented at the annual meeting of American Psychological Association: Montreal, Quebec; August 1973.Wright, W. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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