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Paper Abstract: This paper provides a comparison of 5 DBMSs--Access, Oracle, SQL, DB2, and Sybase--in terms of their history, features, installation, pricing and licensing, typical applications in selected companies, and the advantages and disadvantages of each. Paper Introduction: DBMS Product Comparison Student Name Professor Name Class Date Databases have been used since electronic computing came into being butthe early programs were largely custom programs written to access customdatabases i Distinct from the old-style custom databases is today\'sdatabase management systems DBMS which consists of a single softwareprogram or a software suite that manages a database ii Choosing theappropriate DBMS for a particular company or application is vital togetting the optimum results DBMSs are the heart of most client serversystems providing secure Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Special patches are appliedto root.sh and genclntsh, and then Oracle can be run as if it were beingrun on Linux.[xlviii] Using Oracle is not simple; it is a robust packagethat requires a highly knowledgeable and experienced database administrator(DBA) to run properly, and acquiring a set of good Oracle reference booksis a recommended added measure.[xlix] Applications for Oracle tend to be those which require the robustcapabilities it provides. I can rebuild an index. 1997. For example, the platform thatthe DBMS runs on is a chief component of a system's success; it determinesthe overall performance of the database server, and the DBMS depends on theoperating system's ability to provide disk, caching, and network servicesin an efficient manner.[ix] Selecting the wrong platform can negate thebenefits of selecting the right DBMS. "Microsoft SQL Server Express 2 5 (MSDE)." Database Journal. "Microsoft Access Application Development - Customer Samples." WSI Winning Solutions, Inc. 2 Jul 2 5. Withall of these precautions, the choice of DBMS will most likely be thecorrect one. "Customer Success Stories." Sybase. is a DBMS that came out in 1992,initially as an inexpensive-$99-desktop database; version 2. Ability to bypass the operating system's native file system and go directly to a physical disk partition, called a raw disk partition, reducing overhead for faster disk I/O performance and a faster DBMS[xlvi] . In contrast to Access, Oracle is a relational data base system(RDBMS), which is based on linked two-dimensional tables consisting of rowsand columns, with no predetermined relationship between thetables.[xxxviii] Oracle started out as just another database in the197 's, but through the years it has grown in depth and quality to becomean industry leader. 22 Apr, 2 5. Performance features: Database parallelization and data warehousing . Linthicum, David S. Even when the size and complexity of theapplication is matched to that of Oracle, however, there can beglitches. Allocated query processing[xlvii] In an example of a typical Oracle installation over Linux, the userwould first install the Linux environment, then create the Oracleenvironment before installing Oracle itself. Greenspun, Philip. [xcix] "DB2 for AIX." http://www-<3 6.ibm.com/software/data/db2/udb/opsys- aix.html>.[c] DB2 for AIX.[ci] Adelman, Sid; Marco, David; Rehm, Clay, "In planning a data warehouse, what are the possible disadvantages or advantages of choosing either DB2 or Oracle as the database structure?" 6 Mar 2 1, .[cii] Sybase, Inc. 3 Aug 2 5. http://www.sybase.com/detail?id=1 9691#clientinst"Introduction to SQL." VBIP Books. Although the DBMSs have some functions and features incommon, they are each unique in some respects, with their own advantagesand disadvantages. "Selecting a DBMS." DBMS, July 1996. Database application development features: Database programming in SQL and PL/SQL, with Java features and options, object- oriented programming, Oracle Call Interface (OCI), database extensibility, and third-generation languages . "Federal Government Agency Implements Oracle's Web-Enabled Federal Financial Applications." Enterprise Solutions from CSC. DBMS Product Comparison [Student Name] [Professor Name] [Class] [Date]Databases have been used since electronic computing came into being, butthe early programs were largely custom programs written to access customdatabases.[i] Distinct from the old-style custom databases is today'sdatabase management systems (DBMS), which consists of a single softwareprogram or a software suite that manages a database.[ii] Choosing theappropriate DBMS for a particular company or application is vital togetting the optimum results. Article was originally based on material from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing last modified 21 Sep 2 5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dbms"DB2 for AIX." http://www-<3 6.ibm.com/software/data/db2/udb/opsys- aix.html>"DB2," Wikipedia, 22 September 2 5, "Deutscher Direktmarketing Verband prizes IBM online submissions solution." IBM website. Microsoft SQL Server. Kawliche, David J. "Microsoft Access Database Design. Great Western Chemical converted from an oldmainframe computer-based distribution system to a new Oracle-based solutionin 1997, citing Oracle's cost-effectiveness to implement and maintain andits overall upgrade path that could support the future growth of thecompany.[l] Another application is Oracle's web-enabled FinancialApplications Release 11 with Federal version 3.3, implemented in amultiorganization, multi-set of books environment to replace a 2 -year-oldlegacy financial system.[li] The new system creates financial statementscompliant with specific federal reporting requirements, meets therequirements of various operating administrations without modification tothe software, and serves as the basis for an integrated suite ofadministrative information systems, all standardized across theorganization.[lii] Oracle has a wealth of advantages, the primary ones being itsextremely robust capabilities, connectivity over standard networks, andportability across multiple platforms.[liii] It also possesses excellentreliability and scalability attributes.[liv] As Philip Greenspun explains: In Oracle, readers never wait for writers or vice versa. Data movement features: Advanced replication, transportable tablespaces, advanced queuing . "Our Capabilities-Examples." Inline Internet Systems Inc. Works Cited"Access 2 3 Product Overview." Microsoft Office Online. "Introduction to DB2 UDB." Informit.com. "A Short History of MS Access." The Web and Database Survival Guide. "In planning a data warehouse, what are the possible disadvantages or advantages of choosing either DB2 or Oracle as the database structure?" 6 Mar 2 1. I can serve my 18, daily users. http://www.microsoft.com/office/access/prodinfo/overview.mspx"Caller ID Software." MS Access. http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=ca99b5e3- 478- 4ac3-a23 -c4f2d82 96c1&DisplayLang=en"Spotlight on Sybase ASE: Features and Benefits." Quest Software. -in November of 1995,but this version was fraught with problems that were not resolved untilAccess 97 (v8. "SQL Databases- powering todays Application." Daffodil Software Limited. History At-A-Glance." Sybase. "Understanding SQL." Practical PostgreSQL. Database connection features: Database networking- Oracle Net/Net8, Oracle 9i Application Server . Oracle Internet Development Suite[xlv] . Microsoft Access 1. There aremore tools that support Oracle than DB2, data warehouse tool vendorsusually support Oracle first, there are more books on Oracle than onDB2, and Oracle has a larger pool of DBA talent than DB2.[ci] Themost important criterion in choosing between the RDBMSs is to selectthe one that is most appropriate to the application being developed interms of size, complexity, and need for scalability. Database management features: Oracle Enterprise Manager, backup and recovery, database availability . O'Reilly & Associates. The DDV is an agency that monitors the qualitystandards of direct marketing in Germany, and it converted its manualsystem to DB2 for scalability reasons but also reported improvementsin efficiency and volume due to the automated system.[xcvii] AnotherGerman organization, EDEKA-a German food wholesaler and retailer-implemented its first data warehouse on IBM DB2 Universal Databaseseveral years ago, integrating information collected from retailstores and warehouses.[xcviii] One of the biggest advantages of DB2 is scalability. This is followed by a 12-stepprocess that starts with preparation of the installation media andends with configuring the configuration manager.[xcv] Pricing and licensing for DB2 is complex and is determined by acombination of options such as the type of license required and thetype of configuration. Adelman, Sid; Marco, David; Rehm, Clay. DB2 was developed in 1983 and named to indicate a shift fromhierarchical to the new relational databases.[lxxxiv] It isconsidered to be the first database product that used SQL.[lxxxv] DB2continued to be developed, not only on mainframe platforms but also ondistributed platforms. Advantages of Sybase include its dynamic environment maintenance,incorporated into the Housekeeper task in Sybase SQL Server System 11; thistask maintains lower database checkpoint times than older versions had andperforms automatic background cleanup of some aspects of data-only lockedtables.[cxv] Sybase can also read multiple pages at one time into I/Opools configured in the default cache, along with any DBA-defined datacaches.[cxvi] Disadvantages of Sybase include fragmentation problems such as extentfragmentation that Sybase fails to address with defragmentation options;this can cause new extent allocations to alternate between two paralleltables[cxvii] Sybase also encounters problems when a significant number ofduplicate key values exist in a clustered index; it creates overflow pagesto hold the duplicate rows, and these overflow pages reduce spaceefficiency and index performance.[cxviii] The process of selecting the right DBMS should be undertaken with careand diligence, giving attention to the many factors that impact a DBMS'sefficiency in a given environment. "Great Western Chemical." Enterprise Solutions from CSC. 2 4. Over the years, DB2 evolved, going from DB2for MVS/V1 in 1983 to a DB2 parallel edition in 1993-94 for AIX/V1 andother Unix.[lxxxvi] In 1996, IBM announced DB2 UDB Version 5 fordistributed platforms, a version that was able to store various typesof electronic data, including audio, video, and textdocuments.[lxxxvii] This version supported a range of distributedplatforms, such as OS/2, Windows, AIX, HP-UX, and Solaris, frommultiple vendors; furthermore, it was able to run on a variety ofhardware, so IBM called it a "universal" database.[lxxxviii] Allversions of DB2 on distributed platforms as well as on MVS, AS/4 ,VM, and VSE are called "DB2 UDB."[lxxxix] DB2 uses the process-per-client approach for managing client connections, which provides theadvantage of protected connections along with the disadvantage ofhigher overhead.[xc] DB2 can be administered from either the command line or agraphical user interface (GUI), like Oracle can, but the command-lineinterface is more like programming and requires greaterexpertise.[xci] DB2's GUI is a multiplatform Java client thatcontains several wizards, which makes it easy to use forbeginners.[xcii] DB2 can support a number of programming languages,including .NET, Java, Python, C++, C, COBOL, PL/I, and Fortran, justto name a few; it also supports integration into some types ofintegrated development environments, such as Eclipse and Visual Studio.NET.[xciii] Installation of DB2 varies depending on which platform it willreside on, but as an example, installation of IBM DB2 8.1 software onLinux (Fedora Core 3) must be on the computer where the database willreside-the metaserver.[xciv] Then, the IBM Java2 Developer Kit 1.4.1must be downloaded and installed. ) came out in January 1997; this version was not bug-freebut was "a stable product with a very productive development environment."[xxi] Although a newer version, Access 2 , subsequently came out,Access 97 remains a better platform for basic Windows desktop applicationdevelopment where Windows 95 is a requirement.[xxii] With the advent ofOffice XP came Access XP, which features PivotTable and PivotChart supportbut which still uses the JET 4. "Fragmentation and Database Performance. Moolenaar, Marcel. 2 3. http://www.microsoft.com/office/access/howtobuy/default.mspx"How to Buy." Microsoft SQL Server. "Chapter 1: Introducing Oracle." Oracle Essentials: Oracle9i, Oracle8i & Oracle8 (2nd Edition). It was later revised,then renamed "SQL," standing for "Structured Query Language."[lix]Primarily based on Codd's relational algebra and tuple relationalcalculus, SQL is "a procedural way to construct data-driven queries,addressing the how logic of a structured query with relational algebraand the what logic with relational calculus."[lx] Additionaldistinctive features of SQL apart from those that merely implementfeatures that are part of relational algebra or calculus include:support for data insertion, modification, and deletion; arithmeticoperators; display of data; assignment; and aggregate functions.[lxi]The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standardized SQL in1986, with subsequent standards changes leading to SQL89, SQL92, andSQL99.[lxii] There are a number of "flavors" of SQL, among themPostgreSQL, which conforms to most of the entry-level SQL92 as well asmany of the intermediate- and full-level features.[lxiii] SQL is different from other languages in that it is not aprocedural language where many lines of code are written to execute afunction; it is a declarative language-which makes it more of apseudocode-where only one line is written, specifying the desiredresult.[lxiv] This one statement is passed to the DBMS, which theninternally executes internal code from it that is hidden from theuser.[lxv] SQL functions in conjunction with "front ends" and "backends," other software that it needs to form a system; the front end-usually Access, Visual Basic, or C++-contains or creates an SQLstatement and has a way to connect to the back end, which are DBMSsystems like Oracle or Sybase.[lxvi] The front and back ends are thenconnected by means of yet another type of software that defines whichdatastore to use, how to transfer SQL statements and results, and themany settings that control these processes.[lxvii] To work with datain an Access database, for example, a connection needs to beestablished with various parameters to pass SQL statements to Access;once the parameters are set up, then one of four connection methodscan be used to communicate between the front and back ends: ObjectDatabase Connectivity (ODBC), OLEDB, the Java Database Connectivity(JDBC) object, and Cold Fusion.[lxviii] One option for installing SQL is using Microsoft SQL ServerExpress 2 5, which is an upgrade to Microsoft's SQL Server 2 Desktop Edition (MSDE).[lxix] SQL Express 2 5 is a free lightweightedition targeted to developers of simple applications and includes afully functional SQL Server database engine plus a Query Analyzer-typemanagement tool.[lxx] To use this package, the Net Framework must beinstalled first, following the defaults, then SQL Server Express isinstalled by double-clicking the downloaded file.[lxxi] Microsoft isalso releasing a free management tool similar to Query Analyzer calledSQL Server Express Manager (XM), which is installed by going toAdd/Remove Programs, pointing to the download, and following theprompts.[lxxii] Microsoft offers three pricing and licensing options for SQLServer 2 : processor license (optimized for customers building B2Band B2C Web-based applications), server plus device CALs (optimizedfor non-Web-based scenarios with multiple users per device), andserver plus user CALs (optimized for non-Web-based scenarios withmultiple devices per user).[lxxiii] The pricing for these is shownbelow:[lxxiv]|Production |Retail Pricing1 |Example Pricing2 ||Licenses | | ||Processor License |Enterprise Edition|Enterprise Edition|| | | || |$19,999 US per |$19,128 US per || |processor |processor ||Processor License |Standard Edition |Standard Edition || |$4,999 US per |$4,781 US per || |processor |processor ||Processor License |Workgroup Edition |Workgroup Edition || |$3,899 US per |$3,7 US per || |processor |processor ||Server plus Device|Enterprise Edition|Enterprise Edition||CALs | | || |$11, 99 US with 25|$6,382 US per || |CALs |server || | |$ 146 US per || | |device ||Server plus Device|Standard Edition |Standard Edition ||CALs |$1,489 US with 5 |$667 US per server|| |CALs | || |$2,249 US with 1 |$146 US per device|| |CALs | ||Server plus Device|Workgroup Edition |Workgroup Edition ||CALs |$739 US with 5 |$73 US per server|| |CALs | || |$1,478 US with 1 | || |CALs | ||Server plus User |Enterprise Edition|Enterprise Edition||CALs | | || |$11, 99 US with 25|$6,382 US per || |CALs |server || | |$ 146 US per user ||Server plus User |Standard Edition |Standard Edition ||CALs |$1,489 US with 5 |$667 US per server|| |CALs | || |$2,249 US with 1 |$146 US per user || |CALs | | Examples of SQL applications include a vehicle searching systemthat manages used cards and allows sellers and buyers to find eachother, as well as a generic web site builder that allows users tobuild a topic-specific site.[lxxv] A third example is a couponredemption management system used by grocery stores for managingcoupon redemption.[lxxvi] SQL has a number of advantages, including its high speed,centralized security, and the compatibility with other databases thatmakes it easily portable.[lxxvii] In addition, the fact that well-defined standards exist for it makes it easier to use and standardizeacross companies; even better is the fact that there is no substantialcoding required to move applications between different databasesystems.[lxxviii] With the emergence of Object-Relational DatabaseManagement Systems (ORDBMSs), SQL extends object storage capabilitiesto relational systems, giving it an added dimension offunctionality.[lxxix] It is not without its disadvantages, though,among them premature codification, also called "fast settingconcrete;" this refers to the fact that SQL requires the user todefine tables, fields, and the relationships between them before doinganything else.[lxxx] Furthermore, there is no automatic table-to-object mapping in SQL: "If you code in an object-oriented style, youwill find yourself developing a layer whose only function is to mapSQL tables to the objects that your program really uses, and then backagain. History At-A-Glance, Sybase, 2 5, .[ciii] Sybase, Inc.[civ] "Sybase SQL Server," Wikipedia, .[cv] "Spotlight on Sybase ASE: Features and Benefits," Quest Software, .[cvi] Spotlight.[cvii] Spotlight.[cviii] Linthicum.[cix] "Installation and Coexistence," Sybase, .[cx] Installation.[cxi] Installation.[cxii] "Price Summary, 4th Quarter 2 4," Sybase, .[cxiii] "Pricing Differentiators," Sybase, .[cxiv] "Customer Success Stories," Sybase, .[cxv] "Fragmentation and Database Performance, White Sands Technology, Inc., 5, .[cxvi] Fragmentation, 18.[cxvii] Fragmentation, 1,12.[cxviii] Fragmentation, 18.[cxix] Linthicum.[cxx] Linthicum.[cxxi] Linthicum.[cxxii] Linthicum.[cxxiii] Linthicum. Sybase is an RDBMS that was developed in 1984, and then in 1988was first to market with a client/server relational database.[cii] In1995, Sybase introduced PowerBuilder, a rapid application development(RAD) tool that increases developer productivity for Sybasedevelopers.[ciii] Sybase markets its RDBMS under two separateentities; Sybase SQL was the original RDBMS, up to version 11.5, andfrom that point on the product is known as Adaptive ServerEnterprise.[civ] Sybase allows users to observe dataset and OS activity in realtime through its own unique graphical interface; this facilitatesidentification of problem users based on CPU utilization, I/Outilization, or blocking processes.[cv] With Sybase, multipleadaptive servers can be monitored simultaneously, and it is notnecessary to manually calibrate alert levels for each one, nor is itnecessary to write custom diagnostic SQL scripts.[cvi] Sybase alsoprovides proactive alerts and detailed diagnostics that make forfaster resolution of problems.[cvii] Like Oracle, it has the abilityto bypass the operating system's native file system and go directly toa physical disk partition, reducing overhead for faster disk I/Operformance and a faster DBMS; it also has allocated query processingsimilar to Oracle's.[cviii] Installation of Sybase is rather complex, and Sybase providesdetailed installation checklists in its installation guides whichshould be referenced. White Sands Technology, Inc. I can EXPORT a consistent backup dump. "Oracle E-Business Global Price List August 19, 2 5 Software Investment Guide, 2. "Database Management System." Wikipedia. I can update a 2 , row table. These can include problems with long strings, conversiontrouble from SQL to SQL*Plus, problems with semantics breaks in SQLdue to partitioning, and Oracle's notoriously nonhelpful errormessages.[lvii] Overall, Oracle is an outstanding package; it justneeds to be used by the right people for the right tasks. Computer Sciences Corporation. "Introduction to DB2 UDB," Informit.com, 22 Apr 2 5, .[lxxxv] "DB2," Wikipedia, 22 September 2 5, .[lxxxvi] Chong et al.[lxxxvii] Chong et al.[lxxxviii] Chong et al.[lxxxix] Chong et al.[xc] Linthicum.[xci] DB2.[xcii] DB2.[xciii] DB2.[xciv] DB2.[xcv] DB2.[xcvi] LaMonica, Martin, "Big Blue Retools Database Pricing," NewsCom, 17 Oct 2 3, .[xcvii] "Deutscher Direktmarketing Verband prizes IBM online submissions solution," IBM website, 3 Aug 2 5, .[xcviii] "EDEKA Gains Competitive Advantage with DB2 Data Warehousing Solution." ZDNet UK. An inexperienced DBA willnot only fail to make best use of its capabilities, he or she canhamstring the system so much that it becomes slow, cumbersome, andincapable of performing functions that Oracle can normally performeasily.[lvi] Misapplication of Oracle to perform functions thatshould be built on a smaller, simpler database system is a recklesswaste of resources. Chong, Raul; Liu, Clara; Qi, Sylvia, et al. "Price Summary, 4th Quarter 2 4." Sybase. For example, a DBMS server that uses 5 percent of a server's capacity for each connection can only handle approximately 2 users.[xiii] DBMS servers have three ways of handling client connections: processesper client, threading, or a combination of approaches.[xiv] Since theprocess-per-client approach allocates a separate process for each clientconnection, 2 clients would require 2 separate processes; this providesthe advantage of protecting the connections in their own address spacewhere ill-behaved processes cannot impact them.[xv] The disadvantage ofthis approach is that it uses up resources and adds overload due to contextswitching and interprocess communication. 2 5. "Installation and Coexistence." Sybase. Endnotes -----------------------[i]"Database Management System," Wikipedia, Article was originally based on material from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, last modified 21 Sep 2 5 .[ii] "Database Management System."[iii] Linthicum, David S, "Selecting a DBMS," DBMS, July 1996,.[iv] Linthicum.[v] Linthicum.[vi] Linthicum.[vii] Linthicum.[viii] Linthicum.[ix] Linthicum.[x] Linthicum.[xi] Linthicum.[xii] Linthicum.[xiii] Linthicum.[xiv] Linthicum.[xv] Linthicum.[xvi] Linthicum.[xvii] Linthicum.[xviii] Linthicum.[xix] Kawliche, David J., "A Short History of MS Access," The Web and Database Survival Guide, 2 3, http://www.standardreporting.net/survival/view.aspx?_@id=534323.[xx] Kawliche.[xxi] Kawliche.[xxii] Kawliche.[xxiii] Kawliche.[xxiv] Kawliche.[xxv] Kawliche.[xxvi] "Access 2 3 Product Overview," Microsoft Office Online, 9 Jun 2 3, .[xxvii] "Access 2 3 Product Overview."[xxviii] "Access 2 3 Product Overview."[xxix] "Access 2 3 Product Overview."[xxx] "Project Server 2 3 Installation Guide," Microsoft website, .[xxxi] "Project Server 2 3 Installation Guide."[xxxii] "How to Buy," Microsoft Office Online: Microsoft Access 2 3, 2 Oct 2 3, .[xxxiii] "How to Buy."[xxxiv] "Caller ID Software," MS Access, .[xxxv] "Microsoft Access Application Development - Customer Samples," WSI Winning Solutions, Inc., 2 4, .[xxxvi] "Microsoft Access Database Design, .[xxxvii] "Microsoft Access Database Design."[xxxviii] Greenwald, Rick; Stackowiak, Robert; Stern, Jonathan, "Chapter 1: Introducing Oracle," Oracle Essentials: Oracle9i, Oracle8i & Oracle8 (2nd Edition), O'Reilly & Associates, Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly & Associates 1 .[xxxix] Greenwald, Stackowiak, Stern, 1.[xl] Linthicum.[xli] Greenwald, Stackowiak, Stern, 1.[xlii] Greenwald, Stackowiak, Stern, 1.[xliii] Greenwald, Stackowiak, Stern, 2.[xliv] "Oracle E-Business Global Price List August 19 2 5 Software Investment Guide, 2, .[xlv] Greenwald, Stackowiak, Stern, 2-5.[xlvi] Linthicum.[xlvii] Linthicum.[xlviii] Moolenaar, Marcel, "1 .6 Installing Oracle®," FreeBSD Handbook, .[xlix] Greenspun, Philip, "Tips for Using Oracle," Web Tools Review, 1997, http://philip.greenspun.com/wtr/oracle-tips.html.[l] Computer Sciences Corporation, "Great Western Chemical," Enterprise Solutions from CSC, 2 , .[li] Computer Sciences Corporation, "Federal Government Agency Implements Oracle's Web-Enabled Federal Financial Applications," Enterprise Solutions from CSC, 2 , .[lii] Computer Sciences Corporation 2 .[liii] Greenwald, Stackowiak, Stern, 1.[liv] Greenspun.[lv] Greenspun.[lvi] Greenspun.[lvii] Greenspun.[lviii] "Understanding SQL," Practical PostgreSQL, .[lix] "Understanding."[lx] "Understanding."[lxi] "Understanding."[lxii] "Understanding."[lxiii] "Understanding."[lxiv] "Introduction to SQL," VBIP Books, .[lxv] "Introduction."[lxvi] "Introduction."[lxvii] "Introduction."[lxviii] "Introduction."[lxix] Schlichting, Don, "Microsoft SQL Server Express 2 5 (MSDE)," Database Journal, 1 Apr 2 5, 1, .[lxx] Schlichting 1.[lxxi] Schlichting 1.[lxxii] Schlichting 2.[lxxiii] "SQL Server 2 Pricing and Licensing," 22 Jul 2 3, Microsoft SQL Server, .[lxxiv] "How to Buy," Microsoft SQL Server, 2 Jul 2 5, .[lxxv] "Our Capabilities-Examples," Inline Internet Systems Inc., .[lxxvi] Capabilities.[lxxvii] "SQL Databases- powering todays Application," Daffodil Software Limited, 2 4, .[lxxviii] SQL Databases.[lxxix] SQL Databases.[lxxx] SQL Databases.[lxxxi] SQL Databases.[lxxxii] SQL Databases.[lxxxiii] SQL Databases.[lxxxiv] Chong, Raul; Liu, Clara; Qi, Sylvia, et al. http://www.standardreporting.net/survival/view.aspx?_@id=534323LaMonica, Martin. IBMclusters "enable customers to run applications on more than one nodefor increased scalability and high availability."[xcix] DB2 alsoprovides "continuous access to business-critical data andapplications," as well as offering a selection of more than 1 , applications by third party vendors in partnership with IBM.[c] DB2'smain disadvantage is that it plays second fiddle to Oracle. In 1983, the developers created a portable version ofOracle, version 3, that ran on Unix and other platforms as well as onDigital VAX/VMS systems; by 1985, it ran on 3 platforms, and today it runson more than 7 .[xxxix] In 1984, Oracle was released with a portabletoolset; in 1989, Oracle 6 came out, using the processes-per-clientapproach of managing connections;[xl] in 1993, Oracle 7 was released withcost-based optimizer; and in 1996, it added a universal database withextended SQL via cartridges, thin client, and application server.[xli] Theyear 1997 saw the advent of Oracle 8 with object-relational and Very LargeDatabase (VLDB) features; 1999 brought Oracle 8i with Java Virtual Machine(JVM) in the database; in 2 , Oracle 9i Application Server was generallyavailable, with Oracle tools integrated in the middle tier; and in 2 1,Oracle 9i Database Server became generally available, with Real Applicationclusters and Advanced Analytic Services.[xlii] Oracle comes in several editions: Personal Oracle, for single users-often used to develop code that is implemented on other Oracle multiuserdatabases; Oracle Standard Edition, also called Oracle Server; OracleEnterprise Edition, which includes additional functionality (advancedmanagement, networking, programming, and data warehousing features) forlarger-scale implementation and more platforms; and Oracle Lite-also knownas Oracle Mobile-for single users using wireless devices.[xliii] Pricingoptions are:[xliv] [pic] Oracle is an extremely powerful RDBMS with numerous features,including (among others): . database engine used in Access2 .[xxiii] ASP combined with a client-side Active-X control, the OfficeWeb Component (OWC), is still required for interactive web support; OWCsupport for server-side charting has been improved in the XP version, butthe client-side connection model and restrictive licensing make it suitableonly for intranets equipped with MS Office.[xxiv] The XP version of Officeis the first to be incompatible with Windows 95.[xxv] The latest version, Access 2 3, supports a wide range of datasources, including XML, OLE, ODBC, and MS Windows SharePointServices.[xxvi] It allows users to link tables from other Accessdatabases, Excel spreadsheets, ODBC data sources, and Microsoft SQL Serverdatabases to access data from multiple databases at once in Access 2 3forms, reports, and data-access pages.[xxvii] The Stored ProcedureDesigner can be used to create and modify simple procedures stored in SQLServer, without having to learn Transact-SQL.[xxviii] This version ofAccess uses the Access 2 default file format, which allows users to rollout Access 2 3 without disrupting existing Access applications.[xxix] Installation can be accomplished using Microsoft's Project Server 2 3Installation Guide, which can be downloaded from Microsoft's website;separate installation guides for single computer installation, small-scaleinstallation, and medium-scale installation are also available.[xxx] Thesupported operating system is Windows Server 2 3.[xxxi] Microsoft'swebsite lists the retail pricing for Access 2 3 as $229, with the upgradeprice set at $1 9.[xxxii] Microsoft offers a number of volume licensingprograms for business and educational institutions, starting with as few asfive desktops; these are predicated on the number of licenses desired, thenumber of PCs, whether the user wants standardization on Microsoftproducts, preference to lease or buy, and-if an educational institution-whether it is pertains to higher education.[xxxiii] Applications for Access range from the simple Caller ID software usedby YES Tele.com, based on Access 97, to the Access database developed forthe pension department at the Farm Bureau in West Des Moines, Iowa, whichtracks all employees and their contributions and contains advanced pensioncalculators and a complex reporting system.[xxxiv],[xxxv] Microsoft Access is "the most popular PC database system in theworld," so it is not surprising that the package has numerous advantages,including ease of use, flexibility, ease of data migration, and thesimplicity of backups and archiving.[xxxvi] It does have disadvantages,though, including the fact that it is limited to small databases, has alimited to low transaction rate, and limited to low concurrent databaseusage.[xxxvii] These characteristics make it most suitable for small-scaleapplications that will not need to be accessed by a large number of peopleat once. The first order of business beforemaking the decision is to understand the business problem that needs to besolved and identify specific requirements.[cxix] Making a list of thefeatures that are most important to you in a DBMS is extremely helpful; thefeatures should be ranked by priority.[cxx] The next step is to consideryour clients and what applications they will run that will require them toconnect to the database, as well as what type of middleware layer will bein use.[cxxi] This information can be used to develop a list of the topthree DBMS product candidates, which can then be compared in terms ofoperating systems, hardware platforms, and administrative costs to bestmeet your requirements.[cxxii] It is helpful to create a pilot test bedusing these three DBMS candidates and test each product's ability to meetthe requirements of the application. 2 . Distributed database features: Distributed queries and transactions and heterogeneous services . Likewise, it is also advisable tounderstand the ANSI/ISO standards before selecting a DBMS. Many DBMSs areSQL-89 compliant, and some are SQL-92 compliant; SQL-89 is an old standardthat should be relegated to past applications.[x] Up and coming is SQL3,which will likely be the standard of the near future.[xi] Standardscompliance at least to the SQL-92 level is desirable because it adds manyfeatures to the DBMS, including support for SQL agents, SQL client/serverconnections, and embedded support for modern languages, dynamic SQL,advanced data types, and standardized error codes and diagnostics.[xii] Another important feature of a DBMS is its scalability, and theability of a DBMS server to scale depends on how well it handles clientconnections: A DBMS server that requires a high memory and processor capacity for each connection can only handle as many users as there are resources available. Coddin his paper "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared DataBanks."[lviii] In 1974, IBM developed the Structured English QueryLanguage, or SEQUEL, for the System/R project. "1 .6 Installing Oracle®." FreeBSD Handbook. "EDEKA Gains Competitive Advantage with DB2 Data Warehousing Solution." ZDNet UK. 17 Oct 2 3. http://www.csc.com/alliancepartners/uploads/fed.pdfComputer Sciences Corporation. "How to Buy." Microsoft Office Online: Microsoft Access 2 3. "Sybase SQL Server." Wikipedia. was a majorupdate released in May 1994.[xix] Service packs added to Access 2. DBMSs are "the heart of most client/serversystems," providing secure access to the shared data in client applicationsand allowing client/server developers to divide the processing load betweenthe client and the server.[iii] With client/server architecture, all ofthe database processing is done on the server; the client sends a requestto the server, and the server provides the requested data.[iv] Thisarchitecture reduces network load and frees up the clients to perform moreimportant processing of interfaces and applications.[v] DBMSs areimportant for taking on some of the application processing load throughstored procedures and triggers; they can also bounce back from systemcrashes with roll-back/roll-forward recovery and can guard data by usingrules and two-phase commits.[vi] DBMSs also protect data from the dangersof concurrent access such as deadlock and "the deadly embrace" through theuse of locking mechanisms and multiuser access controls.[vii] Although selecting the right DBMS for a particular client/serverproject is not a foolproof endeavor, serious consideration of the platformhosting the DBMS software and its level of power, plus SQL standards andfeatures like stored procedures and triggers all play a part; databaseadministration and monitoring tools also need to be factored in.[viii] Theright DBMS is only part of a total solution that includes the appropriateselection of these other features as well. SQL was formally defined in 197 by IBM researcher Dr. E.F. "Tips for Using Oracle." Web Tools Review. http://www.sybase.com/sb_content/1 19827/PriceSummary4Q 4.pdf"Pricing Differentiators." Sybase. Sooner or later you hit a wall, and the operating system breaks (usually by running out of physical memory and crashing). 1 Apr 2 5. http://eshop.sybase.com/texas/pricingdiffer"Project Server 2 3 Installation Guide." Microsoft website. This is a real waste of time and effort, and one can easilyleave with the impression that this process can almost beautomated"[lxxxi] Interfacing to an SQL database is more difficultthan just adding a few lines of code, too, primarily because an SQLdatabase supports so many advanced features.[lxxxii] Finally, SQL hasmore features implemented in a proprietary way to ensure "vendor lock-in."[lxxxiii] SQL is a great tool, but an awareness of itsshortcomings up front is valuable. However, IBM charges a flat fee of $3,899 forDB2 Express with an unlimited number of people accessing the databaseand $624 for DB2 Express on Linux or Windows, plus $124 per user,which includes maintenance and support.[xcvi] DB2 has been used for applications such as the German DeutscherDirektmarketing Verband (DDV)'s automation of the annual awardsprogram entry system. updating the JET database engine to v2.5 became an industry solution for 16-bit Windows development.[xx] Microsoft came out with the first 32-bitversion, Access 95-which was also known as Access 7. Greenwald, Rick; Stackowiak, Robert; Stern, Jonathan. 2 4. All simultaneously.[lv]Oracle's disadvantages mainly have to do with its complexity and itsrequirement for seasoned administration. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly & Associates. "Sybase, Inc. Schlichting, Don. 9 Jun 2 3. "Big Blue Retools Database Pricing." NewsCom. 2 Oct 2 3. "SQL Server 2 Pricing and Licensing." 22 Jul 2 3. 2 . This can demonstrate which candidateserves best in the intended application.[cxxiii] Finally, ensure that theright DBA is on board and the appropriate support staff is in place. Sybase provides a checklist on its website forinstalling its new DirectConnect product, which requires installationof TCP/IP or SNA first, followed by Open ClientConnect and OpenServerConnect Base Tape.[cix] Then MainframeConnect is installed andverified as connected to DB2, followed by installation of OpenServerConnect API and RSP libraries, if appropriate.[cx] Finally,Open ClientConnect API in installed, along with CSA libraries, ifappropriate.[cxi] Pricing for Adaptive Server Enterprise is shown below.[cxii] [pic]Licensing is complex and is predicated on two license models-theNetworked Model and the Concurrent User Model-23 different licensetypes, license contract type, and platform categories.[cxiii] An example of a Sybase application includes the People's Republic ofChina Ministry of Railways, which modernized its paper-based ticketingsystem using Sybase; the system now processes passenger traffic of morethan one billion people per year and handles up to 5, ticket requestssimultaneously, keeping seat utilization rates at their maximumlevels.[cxiv] Another example is Nielsen Media Research's online audiencedata warehouse, which enables its clients to access audience data throughthe Internet. Parallel query processing, or "the allocation of the operatingsystem's processing load across several processors," is a critical factorin the selection of a DBMS.[xvi] DBMS servers achieve this multiprocessingeither by allowing the operating system to allocate the database queryprocessing across the available processors-shared memory-or by allowing theDBMS server to allocate the query processing-shared nothing.[xvii] Theservers break a database query up into smaller subqueries that can executeat the same time on different processors, then when processing is complete,the query manager reassembles the answer sets into a single set that isreturned to the client.[xviii] Among the DBMSs most commonly in use today are Access, Oracle, SQL,DB2, and Sybase. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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