Firewalls and Proxy Servers   Term Paper ID:34104 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Describes firewalls and proxy servers and their implementation. Increased use of the Internet and issues of privacy and data protection. Includes copies of sources.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Describes firewalls and proxy servers and their implementation. Increased use of the Internet and resultant issues of privacy and data protection. Types of threats. Includes copies of sources. Paper Introduction: Firewalls and Proxy Servers Introduction Initially the Internet was used by academics and government workerswho did not transact commercial business and who did not send personalinformation over the so-called Information Superhighway With theintroduction of the graphic interface that became the World Wide Web andthe proliferation of commercial sites dedicated to new types of businesstransactions e-commerce the issue of privacy and data protection becameincreasingly important on the Web Companies worried that key internalinformation could be stolen individuals worried that their personalidentities could be Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. The proxy searchesfor the file, retrieves it off the GAO's FTP server, then downloads thefile from the proxy as if it were the server itself.* Stateful inspection. These copies are usually executed whenthe infected file is loaded into memory, allowing the virus to infect otherfiles. The function of a trap door is to give the designer a wayback into the system that circumvents normal system protection. NIST continues to publish guidance for improvinginformationsecurity, in addition to developing the minimum standards required byFISMA.The administration has undertaken other important actions to improveinformationsecurity, such as integrating information security into the President`sManagement Agenda Scorecard and issuing annual reports on theimplementationof GISRA (and now FISMA) that analyzed federal government`s informationsecurity challenges.In addition, OMB has provided annual guidance to agencies on how toimplementGISRA and FISMA. A Trojan horse usually masquerades as a useful program thata user would wish to execute. "The Cache Catcher." Computer Weekly (No 21, 2 2): 74.Wilby, Dave. In his February 2 2 statement before the SenateSelect Committee on Intelligence, the Director of Central Intelligencediscussed the possibility of a cyber warfare attack by 2 Virus: a programthat ``infects`` computer files, usually executable programs, by insertinga copy of itself into the file. In accordance with your request, our objective was to identifycommercially available, state-of-the-practice cybersecurity technologiesthat federal agencies can use to defend their computer systems againstcyber attacks.1 We developed a catalog that lists these technologies anddescribes them according to the functionality they provide. "Proxy Servers." Computerworld. Essentially, a firewall can be likened to a protectivefence that keeps unwanted external data out and sensitive internal datain.How the technology worksTypically, a firewall is a network device or host with two or more networkinterfaces--one connected to the protected internal network and the otherconnected to unprotected networks, such as the Internet. NAT helps secure a network by preventing addresses used on theinternalcorporate network from appearing on the Internet. The differencemay be whether the notification is real-time or merely recorded in a logthat has to be reviewed later. The security manager must assess thecompany's risk exposure, determine its needs, and after understanding thetechnology, decide on a proper level of protection.RELATED ARTICLE: Gathering Firewall FactsThe following resources can help security managers find the firewall thatbest suits their organizational needs.Newsgroups. The discussionof each technology is technical in nature and is intended to assistagenciesin identifying and selecting cybersecurity technologies that can bedeployed.Appendix I contains a detailed description of our objective, scope, andmethodology.There are many cybersecurity technologies offered in today`s marketplacethat can serve as safeguards and countermeasures to protect agencies`informationtechnology (IT) infrastructures. (Nov 22, 1999): 67.Epper, Karen. In the pasttwo years, however, the number of companies manufacturing firewall productshas grown considerably, and customers can now be more informed andjudiciousabout their selections.Outlink Information Services, a market research firm in New York, estimatesthat more than ninety products now on the shelves bill themselves asfirewalls- which are essentially either software or a combination of software andhardware designed to serve as a gateway between the corporate computernetwork and any external networks. Computer securityfeatures include firewalls and audit files. But its primary function is address management, notsecurity.Most application level and stateful inspection firewalls will supportNAT, but according to David Newman, testing editor for Data Communicationsmagazine, consumers should view NATs as an option, not a must-have.Companiesthat should be most concerned about having a NAT box are those with morethan 254 employees. Farrow, who has no vested interestin any of the products, cites both Trusted Information Systems Inc.'sGauntletand ANS CO+RE Systems, Inc.'s ANS Interlock as having good audit logs.Remote access. Most links tothe Internet currently run at T1 speeds or slower, and most firewalls canoperate at these rates. A firewall that has a slow responsetime may motivate users to look for ways around the delay. Outside users can dial into the computer, accessinformation contained within the bulletin board, but cannot otherwise gainentry into the system. Viruses canreproduce immediately, or they may lie dormant until triggered by someevent. If the IP address exists on the proxy, then the page is accessed;otherwise, the request gets forwarded to the real server and then to theInternet, he explains. Algorithms can also be set up that enable the systemto determine whether a Web page accessed by one user is likely to berequired by another at a later time; if so, the page will be placed intothe cache. However, of theproductshe tested, only half could operate efficiently at Ethernet speeds, andsome connections to the Internet already surpass this rate. Authentication Biometrics Uses human characteristics, suchas fingerprints, irises, and voices, to establish the identity of the user.Smart tokens Establish identity of users through an integrated circuitchip in a portable device, such as a smart card or a time- synchronizedtoken.Authorization User rights and privilegesAllow or prevent access to data, systems, and actions of users based onthe established policies of an organization.System integrity Antivirus software Provides protection against maliciouscomputer code, such as viruses, worms, and Trojan horses. For example, a product builtto work at T1 connection speeds will not be able to keep up with thecorporateLAN running at Ethernet speeds.In tests, Newman discovered that most firewalls could handle moderatetraffic loads sent across T1 links to the Internet. One configuration strategy is to reject all networktraffic and then enable only a limited set of network packets to go throughthe firewall. User A's request to retrieve aparticularfile is submitted through the firewall's FTP proxy. Its effect is not insignificant,however, as it harnesses increasingly large amounts of resources (throughmaintaining and replicating itself) and by eventually bringing thoseresources to the point where they can no longer support the machine or thenetwork ("Technologies" n.p.). Whenever possible, the proxy serverattempts to meet the demand for Web pages from its store of cached pagesrather than from the main Web server (Towner 74). Weak security controls can exposeinformation to an increased risk of unauthorized access, use, disclosure,disruption, modification, and destruction.An effective program should establish a framework and a continuing cycleof activity for assessing risk, developing and implementing effectivesecurityprocedures, and monitoring the effectiveness of these procedures.The recently enacted FISMA, consistent with our study, describes certainkey elements of a comprehensive information security management program.These elements include- a senior agency information security officer with the mission andresourcesto ensure FISMA compliance;- periodic assessments of the risk and magnitude of the harm that couldresult from the unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption,modification,or destruction of information and information systems;- policies and procedures that (1) are based on risk assessments, (2)costeffectively reduce risks, (3) ensure that information security isaddressedthroughout the life cycle of each system, and (4) ensure compliance withapplicable requirements;- security awareness training to inform personnel, including contactorsand other users of information systems, of information security risks andtheir responsibilities in complying with agency policies and procedures;and- at least annual testing and evaluation of the effectiveness ofinformationsecurity policies, procedures, and practices relating to management,operational,and technical controls of every major information system that is identifiedin agencies` inventories.The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and NIST have taken a numberof actions to implement FISMA and improve information security. The idea is to definethese rules so that they allow only authorized network traffic to flowbetween the two interfaces. Worms A worm is an independent program that reproduces by copying itselffrom one computer to another, most often over a network. Having scanned and authenticated each request, the proxyserver attempts to fulfil it from documents stored in cache without callingon the main servers.It can also be used to scan outgoing traffic to ensure that employeesare not using offensive language and materials, or accessing forbiddensites.The best known was Microsoft Proxy Server, replaced in 2 1 by the InternetSecurity and Acceleration Server 2 (ISA), but there are many others,with major contenders from Sun, Netscape and Apache.nWhere did it originate?Proxy servers began as a form of firewall. Several smart tokentechnologies containing an integrated circuit chip that can store andprocessdata are also available. This "creates an alias for theoutsideworld so it's difficult for users to be monitored and for hackers todirectlytarget individual machines," Morency says. After the configuration is complete, the firewallruns a program to detect any blatant security risks. Companies often store their firewallsfar from where the system administrator actually works, which iscounterproductivefor a network that needs consistent monitoring. Indeed, using a proxy server in these situations actually resultsin jerkier movements when viewing the pages (Catalano 67). This will help the company determine the size of the proxy serverto be used, or whether a public proxy server will meet the needs of theorganization. And, says Farrow, "one of the main reasons for buyinga commercial firewall is to get vendor support."Training and consultation are also key issues, Shannon says, especiallyif the company does not have a large and experienced information securitydepartment. They range in price from only a fewhundred dollars to tens of thousands of dollars, depending on the levelof protection provided, the hardware, and the extent to which additionalservices are included. The National Computer Security Association also testsfirewallsof companies that join its consortium (http://www.ncsa.com).Amy Thompson is a staff editor at Security Management. Telestra Corporation maintains a comprehensive set of WWWpages on the topic of Internet and network security athttp://www.telestra.com.au/info/security.htmlDiscussion groups. Apart from design, features, services, and price, the securitymanager should consider three other major issues before purchasing afirewall:transparency, management, and performance.Transparency. terrorists. Because of these limitations, packet filters areoften used in conjunction with one of the other technologies. (Border Network Technologies, Inc.'s BorderWare Firewall Serverand Norman Data Defense Systems, Inc.'s FireWall/Plus are two that do.)There may be two reasons why firewalls do not support virus and filechecking:they can decrease performance speed, and users may already have scanningapplications on their internal networks. The effective implementation of appropriate, properly designedsecuritycontrols is an essential element for ensuring the confidentiality,integrity,and availability of the information that is transmitted, processed, andstored on agencies` IT infrastructures. Some firewalls also employ an inspection module,which is software that inspects packets and can verify the application,user, and transportation method.Most experts agree that a packet filter alone connected to a network routeris not sufficient to protect a network because hackers can easily "spoof"IP addresses to gain unauthorized access. It alsohas a utility to monitor the permissions and contents of key files on thesystem. Automated teller machinesrecognizecustomers because they present a bank card--something they have-- and theyenter a personal identification number (PIN)--something they know. Worm: an independent computer program thatreproduces by copying itself from one system to another across a network.Unlike computer viruses, worms do not require human involvement topropagate.Logic bomb: in programming, a form of sabotage in which a programmerinsertscode that causes the program to perform a destructive action when sometriggering event, such as termination of the programmer`s employment,occurs.Sniffer: synonymous with packet sniffer. The data link layer groups the bits being sent intoframes that are moved by the network layer. However, a case can be made for users authenticating themselvesat the firewall, Farrow says. To select the bestfirewall,companies should consider their network requirements and corporate needs.Full Text: COPYRIGHT 1997 American Society for Industrial SecurityWhen firewall vendors began marketing their products about five yearsago, the technology was so new and the options so limited that customersmerely bought what was available and hoped that it worked. Without a proxy server, each Internet request and responsegoes over the 56K line, which can cause a traffic jam if several usersaccess the Internet simultaneously. Firewall Technologies There are three technologies closely associated with most firewalls:packet filters, application gateways, and stateful inspection (Thompson24). An example of a typical IT infrastructure is illustratedin figure 1.Commercially available cybersecurity technologies can be deployed toprotecteach of these components. By isolating thecompany's critical information, the firewall protects the company from manyobvious threats to data security and greatly enhances the company's abilityto perform its day-to-day operations without sacrificing security.Firewalls are becoming increasingly common as companies are usingelectronic mail and the World Wide Web in order to enhance their customerservice; this is where the business opportunity is developing. This ensures that users don'taccess undesirable information such as pornographic Web sites or othersites that an organization designates as off-limits.With a proxy server, companies can control Internet access by excludingcertain Web addresses from being accessed by client workstations, saysMichael Goulde, executive vice president at Patricia Seybold Group inBoston.For example, "corporations may not want employees trading stocks duringwork, in which case the network administrator can use a proxy server toblock access to financial sites during certain hours," says Goulde."All client requests for Web content go directly to the proxy server,"says John Morency, executive vice president at Sage Research Inc. Any information leavingthe internal network can be forced to pass through a firewall as it leavesthe network or host. This research addresses the use of firewalls and proxy serversand considers their application and implementation as protection devices. Unlike the computer worm, a virus requires human involvement(usuallyunwitting) to propagate. The network layer is responsible for moving data betweencommunicating endpoints, which usually includes routing. Many firewalls support at least one formof token-based authentication for user access to the system. Authorization technologies support the principles of legitimateuse, least privilege, and separation of duties. Individualswho master the technologies associated with firewalls are in a goodposition to make money from their efforts. If a firewall costs twice as much asanother, the seller should be able to clearly explain why their productis twice as good.Trends. The consumer should consider purchasing a firewall with a hardenedoperating system as long as the organization's current operating systemis compatible with it.Features. If the Web site resides locally (on the proxyserver),then the user can actually load the site without accessing the Internet.If the site isn't on the proxy and isn't marked as undesirable, then therequest goes out to the Internet. Firewalls A firewall is the most common line of defense for personal andcommercial Internet connections and offer considerable businessopportunity. Anotheroption is to hire an outside consultant to maintain the system, althoughthat's expensive. For example, if you goto cnn.com and listen to the news, you're receiving a continuous audioand video stream. We've always used trial and error to find the most consistentones--it's worth cutting and pasting a few geographically disparate detailsand keeping them handy. The router is about the size of a small VCR and sits betweenthe organization's network and its Internet connection and directs traffic.Packet filtering routers are small, relatively simple, fast, and usuallytransparent to the user, requiring no additional screens or log-ins.* Application level firewalls. A feature that is becoming increasingly important forcustomersis remote access and administration. To strengthen information security practices throughout the federalgovernment, GISRA established information security program, evaluation,and reporting requirements for federal agencies.In December 2 2, the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA),enacted as Title III of the E-Government Act of 2 2, permanentlyauthorizedand strengthened GISRA requirements. Address translation makes all outbound traffic appear as ifit originates from a single address. Data mustpass through each of these layers before reaching its final destination. They require no additional screens or log-ins and are thus easy toimplement, as well. If not, storage space is conserved. This mimicry (proxy)prevents a direct connection between the external and internal network byserving as the conduit for all communication (Thompson 25). Traffic is permitted or blocked based on the typeof function (rather than on the address), port (a 16-bit identifier usedby TCP and UDP that specifies which process or application is sending orreceiving data), or network designation or origin. Instead of allowing requeststo go direct to the main servers, the proxy server would intercept them,authenticate the user, scan for viruses and inappropriate content, andonly then let the request pass through. Datacommunicationslinks and network devices such as routers, hubs, and switches enable thehosts to communicate with one another through local area networks (LANs)within agencies. Encryption is the process of transforming ordinarydata into code form so that the information is accessible only to thosewho are authorized to have access.Audit and monitoring Help administrators to perform investigations duringand after a cyber attack. Some vendors will ask to be paid up front for these services,while others will bundle the cost with the product price. "There are limited amounts of IP addresses available rightnow, and proxy servers enable corporations to share IP addresses withina group of clients," he explains.Moreover, assigning Internet addresses to all users is time-consuming,says Goulde.A proxy server protects the internal network from being identified bythe public. The caching capability of distributed proxy serverscan be used for load-balancing and fault tolerance.nHow difficult is it?Configuring proxy servers to meet the particular requirements of theorganisation,and implementing security at a nuts-and-bolts level, require both advancedtechnical skills, and the ability to grasp corporate aims and policies.nWhere is it used?The biggest arrays of proxy servers are run by organisations like AOLand Compuserve.nNot to be confused with...The tribute band Proxy Music, or Chicken Licken's nemesis, Proxy Loxy.nWhat does it run on?Although it can serve non-Windows servers, Microsoft's ISA needs to runon Windows 2 . Therouter itself sits between the network and the Internet connection. The trade-off is one ofperformance as well as security since the uncached page will need to beloaded from the main server whenever it is accessed (Towner 74). Audit files, commonly used by banks, record allthe daily activity on individual accounts, pointing up irregularities.Signing up for Cardinal's online service does not involve the Internet.Customers have to mail in an application form with deposit. 1 firewall uses a secured SunOS as itskernel.Other vendors, such as Columbus, Ohio-based Morning Star Technologies Inc.,sell their products with a custom or proprietary kernel so that theiroperatingsystem is not generically available. They can be used to test effectiveness of thecontrolsdirectly, monitor compliance with agency policies, and account for andanalyze security incidents. connectionto the Internet and a local Ethernet network to which 5 PCs are connected,Morency says. "Set up Your Browser to Use a Proxy Server." Internet Magazine (Aut 2 3): 81. Traffic is monitored and controlled through application and packetlevel filtering and packet inspection.Caching works by storing the most frequently accessed pages. Implementation also needs to take into account how and why usersaccess the Internet and whether a great deal of information will need to becached. If a firewall filters at the application level, it alsomay support a variety of services, including the commonly used filetransferprotocol (FTP) for transferring files between networks, hypertext transferprotocol (HTTP) for browsing the World Wide Web, e-mail based on simplemail transfer protocol (SMTP) or post office protocol (POP), and Telnet,used to establish a direct connect between two machines, usually for remoteusers.In addition, firewalls may be able to support applications such as SOCKS,which allows the user to convert standard TCP client programs to proxiedversions of those same programs; domain name service (DNS), whichtranslateshost names into IP addresses and vice-versa; Finger, which allows usersto find out about other users on the Internet; network news transferprotocol(NNTP), which accepts inbound news feeds and stores them on disk; networktime protocol (NTP), which allows computers on a network to figure outthe current time; and possibly other custom-defined services.Depending on a company's policy, the firewall may need to support someor all of these features or services. Generally, thesetechnologies prevent access to the network or computer by externalunauthorizedusers. As greater amountsof money and more sensitive economic and commercial information areexchangedelectronically, and as the nation`s defense and intelligence communitiesincreasingly rely on standardized information technology, the likelihoodincreases that information attacks will threaten vital national interests.According to the National Security Agency (NSA), foreign governmentsalreadyhave or are developing computer attack capabilities, and potentialadversariesare developing a body of knowledge about U.S. No matter how sophisticated technology becomes, itwill never solve management issues. We have identified information security as a government-widehigh-risk issue in reports to Congress since 1997--most recently in January2 3.7 Although agencies have taken steps to redesign and strengthen theirinformation system security programs, our analyses of major federalagencieshave shown that federal systems have not been adequately protected fromcomputer-based threats, even though these systems process, store, andtransmitenormous amounts of sensitive data and are indispensable to many agencies`operations. Firewall expert Marcus Ranum maintains his own, independent"frequently asked questions" (FAQ) list on firewalls, and comments shouldbe addressed to Fwalls-FAQ@v-one.com. Thus, companies may use proxy servers to prevent access tounauthorized or objectionable Web pages, or to spot attempts forunauthorized users to gain access to the servers. Interfaces are important in terms of a firewall's performance, whichis discussed in detail later.Software. For example,many corporate networks use firewalls to restrict access to internalnetworksthat perform sensitive functions, such as accounting or personnel.Personal computers can also have firewalls, called personal firewalls,to protect them from unauthorized access over a network. According to Ranum, a commonmisconceptionin firewalls is that the more expensive a firewall is, the more secureit is. Using a proxy server, a companycan stop employees from accessing undesirable Web addresses, improveperformanceby storing Web pages locally and hide the internal network's identity sothat it's difficult for external users to monitor.(Technology Information)Carla CatalanoAbstract: Proxy servers can be used by companies to protect the accessfrom clients and/or employees. Encryption is the process oftransformingordinary data into code form so that the information is accessible onlyto those who are authorized to have access.4. Whatever its approach, each firewall product offersa range of features. User information canbe coded onto a token using magnetic media (for example, bank cards) oroptical media (for example, compact disk-like media). When askingvendors about their products with regard to this or any feature, thesecuritymanager should of course ask to see product documentation to help cutthroughthe marketing hype.In the final analysis, putting up a firewall is no different than puttingin a physical access control system. Other authentication schemes include Enigma, DigitalPathways, Bellcore S/key, secure sockets layer (SSL) proxy, and Kerberos.Network services. Within the security perimeter of the local network,users are able to communicate freely and access information freely.Messages sent to or from outside users (such as through a bulletin board)must pass through a firewall computer that checks, routes and labels allinformation that passes through it. The security of thesesystems and data is essential to preventing data tampering, disruptionsin critical operations, fraud, and inappropriate disclosure of sensitiveinformation. Secure Computing Corporation's Sidewinder firewall goes a step furtherto flag the errors as the configuration is taking place.In addition to flagging configuration errors, Farrow says, vendors willalso need to make their firewall products more user-friendly in the futureso that nontechnical personnel can administer at least the security aspectsof the firewall.Performance. These firewalls areusually installed as part of the router that comes with the typicalInternetconnection. Generally, both hardened and customkernels are viewed as security enhancers because they strip out unneededcode, giving hackers less code to manipulate and fewer ways to get aroundthe system.Firewalls with secured operating systems are not necessarily moreexpensive,although some vendors justify the cost of their products based on thisfeature. A proxy can often circumvent such killjoy manoeuvres,sensible though they may seem to your IT department.A proxy will store the files most often requested by a large number ofother Internet users in a cache, making it more likely that informationyou request from popular sites has already been cached in the proxy--speedingup delivery, and therefore your browsing.But the most popular use for proxies is to enhance security and privacy.Anonymous proxy servers can be used to hide your IP address, concealinginformation about you and your browsing habits, including the fact you'reusing a proxy.Public proxy servers, although free and open to everybody, are rarelyanonymous,and you might find yourself asking why sites list them. Thus today's proxy servers cachecommonly and frequently accessed Web pages so that users have moreefficient access to the pages and also so that there is a barrier betweenthe user and the actual Web site. For example, MilkywayNetworks Corp.'s Blackhole 2. Two firewalls that currently have this ability are WatchGuardfrom Seattle Software Labs and the Interceptor Firewall from Technologic,Inc. Access controls restrict the ability of unknown or unauthorized usersto view or use information, hosts, or networks. An additional password or the equivalentto get through the firewall adds another layer of protection to thenetwork.While most vendors are shying away from this option, one vendor, V-ONE,makes it a standard option in its firewall product.Management. For example, membersof a community routinely recognize one another by how they look or howtheir voices sound- -by something they are. Abomb works by triggering some kind of unauthorized action when a particulartime, date or condition occurs. To subscribe to the Computer Emergency Response Team's mailing list,which posts advisories of security flaws and fixes for Internet systems,send a request to cert-advisory-request@cert.org.Just the FAQs. Some firewalls do incorporate tools for reducing the logsinto readable and manageable formats. Their prices, designs, features andservices provided have also grown more diverse. Proxies prevent a directconnection between the external and internal network by acting as the"middleman" for all communication.For example, suppose a large media organization regularly downloads filesfrom the Government Accounting Office. Newman suggests looking for a firewall that notifiesimmediatelybased on specific, user-configurable events such as attempts to hackSendmail.Activity reports. They authenticated requests for information from bothinside and outside the network, scanned incoming files for viruses or othersecurity issues (see above) and also checked for inappropriate content.Today, proxy servers are used to improve response time as well as toprotect corporate assets; individuals also use proxy servers to protecttheir anonymity on the Internet. This enables the firewall to act as a protective barrier betweenthe protected network and any external networks. The customer should delineate what is included in the maintenanceprogram, whether upgrades and patches will be available, how much theprogramcosts, and whether the product includes any type of warranty for thehardwareor software.Marcus Ranum, firewall industry expert and senior scientist for V-ONEof Rockville, Maryland, suggests that security personnel ask vendors howlong they have sold the particular firewall and the size of their installedbase. Generally speaking, the more transparent a firewall, orthe less the user has to interact with it through screens or log-ins, thebetter. Thetransmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP) is the commoncomputer language by which networked computers (including those whichcomprise the Web) communicate. Today, theseservers take advantage of low-cost storage and highly efficient machinesthat can process information quickly to combine the functions of a firewallwith the functions of a cache server. Wide area networks (WANs) connect LANs at differentgeographicallocations. Trojan horse: a computer program that concealsharmful code. In addition, they can combine theseattackswith other forms of technology to develop programs that automatically scana network for vulnerable systems, attack them, compromise them, and usethem to spread the attack even further. Users couldbe granted access to data on the system or to perform certain actions onthe system. Only one modem and one dial-up account is required for allusers on the network, and the price reflects the number of concurrent usersthe company desires, whether ten, twenty-five, or unlimited. The transportlayer builds on the network layer by performing higher level tasks suchas multiplexing (managing many independent transport connections over asingle network connection). Click Use a Proxy Server. Accesscontrol includes three different control types: boundary protection,authentication,and authorization.Boundary protection technologies demark a logical or physical boundarybetween protected information and systems and unknown users. To sort out yourproxieswith the most recent version, Mozilla 1.4, click Edit> Preferences.In the Category menu, choose Advanced> Proxies. Interfacesdiffer according to speed and type of cable used, such as copper or fiberoptic. The range of options can make for a difficultchoice.A company must first assess its own network requirements and corporateneeds, then find a product that meets those criteria. Viruses A virus is a code fragment that copies itself into a larger program,thus modifying that program. Public proxy servers exist largely to meet the needs ofindividuals seeking to protect their anonymity, and most companies do notuse these on a corporate level. effectiveness. Security is now a prime consideration forindividuals, companies, and government entities that operate on theInternet, and a variety of strategies have evolved to address securityconcerns. The virus thenreplicates itself, infecting other programs as it reproduces. Companies worried that key internalinformation could be stolen, individuals worried that their personalidentities could be stolen, and malicious hackers indulged in programmingactivities that shut down entire Web sites or otherwise sabotagedactivities on the Internet. (See "SecurityWorks," page 16, for two firewall case studies.) Special thanks to RonHale, senior manager, Deloitte Touche LLP, for technical review of thisarticle.Bus. Among the most popular features are network addresstranslation(NAT), file or virus checking, monitoring and alarm mechanisms, log andactivity reports, remote access and administration, encryption, andsecurityand authentication schemes.NAT. "For Data Security." American Banker (Mar 2, 1995): 15."Technologies to Secure Federal Systems." The America's Intelligence Wire (Mar 9, 2 4): n.p.Thompson, Amy. A bomb that is set to gooff when a particular event occurs is a logic bomb. Firewalls and Proxy Servers Introduction Initially, the Internet was used by academics and government workerswho did not transact commercial business and who did not send personalinformation over the so-called Information Superhighway. Furthermore, because of the vastdifferencesin types of federal systems and the variety of risks associated with eachof them, there is no single approach to security that will be effectivefor all systems. Coll.: 99Q1766Article A19 8 931(c) 2 4 by The Gale Group, Inc.Gale is a Thomson Corporation CompanyBusiness & Company Resource Center -- News/Magazine Article PageBusiness & Company Resource CenterAmerican Banker, March 2, 1995 v16 n41 p15(1)For data security, Cardinal chief turned to ... However, some contaminants maygo to work before the file or program reaches the internal network.Newman knows of no documented evidence that firewalls take a performance"hit" from virus scanning, and he says that it is more secure to have agateway that is scanning for viruses before they reach the internal network- although virus detection should not be the determining factor in apurchase.Monitoring and alarm. User interfaces are what the user sees on the computerscreen and include Windows (which has a graphical user interface), X-Windows(a graphical user interface for Unix systems), and command-line interface,which is typical with DOS.Examples of network interfaces are fiber distributed data interface (FDDI),Ethernet, token ring, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), and T1. Packetfiltering routers are small, simple to use, fast and transparent to theuser. Types of Threats Software threats can be classified into several categories that aregenerally tied to the motive behind the breach. In addition, FISMA requires the National Institute of Standardsand Technology (NIST) to develop risk-based minimum information securitystandards for systems other than those dealing with national security.The Cyber Security Research and Development Act requires NIST to develop,and revise as necessary, checklists providing suggested configurationsthat minimize the security risks associated with each computer hardwareor software system that is, or is likely to become, widely used withinthe federal government.FISMA recognized that the underlying cause for the majority of securityproblems in federal agencies is the lack of an effective informationsecuritymanagement program. Such entry points also allow a wayto get into the program if there is a problem with the access routine.Increasingly, trap doors are used for more nefarious purposes byindividuals seeking unauthorized access to systems ("Technologies" n.p.). A proxy server makes the audio and video stream lessefficient; the movements are jerkier and the sound and lip movements areskewed because it can only store repeatable information -- not uniquecontent,he adds.Another drawback is a slight performance penalty because the proxy serverchecks each request before it responds, says Goulde.But proxy servers hold value because a lot of Web access is repeatableinformation, according to Morency. "The packet filter cannot give you enoughlogs and cannot protect the network sufficiently," he says. Firewalls operate via one or more of three technologies: the packetfilter, the application gateway - also called a proxy server - and statefulinspection.To understand how and why firewalls use these three types of technology,which will be detailed in a moment, one must first recognize that partof a firewall's distinction comes from the "layer" at which it operates.Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP) - the commoncomputerlanguage by which networked computers communicate - has five layers:physical,data link, network (IP), transport (TCP, UDP), and application (asexplainedin Larry Hughes, Jr.'s book Actually Useful Internet Security Techniques).The physical layer is the transmission medium used, such as fiber opticcable. You can also set up proxies for FTP,SSL, Gopher and SOCKS here if you like.THE LOWDOWNDIFFICULTYEASY ADVANCEDWHAT YOU NEED TO KNOWHow to find your way around your browser's settings. Likewise, log and activity reports are a standard featurein most firewalls, but their usefulness varies widely. People and systems regularlyuse these means to identify people in everyday life. The data transfer also makesuse of hash functions, which translate written documents into long streamsof digits that are as unique as human fingerprints.For computer security, Secureware's specialty, the banks operating systemshave firewalls and audit files. There are numerous sites (see the More Infobox)listingfree public proxies and anonymous proxy servers. Vendors will continue to improve their products' managementtools, Newman says, adding that the next hot feature will be firewallsthat can flag configuration errors in real time as they occur. "I'm not saying everyone with a branch is out of business,but they're going to have to have interfaces to deal with customerselectronically."Since July 1994, Cardinal has been working with the software company ona system that could allow consumers to do their banking anywhere and anytime via a personal computer.First and foremost, the pair have been focused on making sure the servicesand information provided over their interactive system are safe from theprying eyes of hackers and fraudsters who inhabit the thousands ofinterconnectednetworks that compose the InternetSecureware, a seven-year-old company, has worked with the likes ofhiternationalBusiness Machines Corp., Digital Equipment Corp., Sun Microsystems Inc.,and Hewlett-Packard Co. inNatick,Mass. Configuring the firewall involves setting upthe rules properly. This is data tampering, which can be harmful and costly to anorganization, but which can be approached from the standpoint of preventingor controlling access to data. Conclusion Although the Internet has proved a boon for many companies, its usecarries with it security threats as well as performance issues that canhamper a company's effectiveness. These types of gatewaysuse software programs which mimic a server to an application client, andwhich mimic a client to an application server. Intruders quickly develop attacks to exploit thevulnerabilitiesdiscovered in products, use these attacks to compromise computers, andshare them with other attackers. Some vendors also offer installation, maintenance, training,and consulting services with their firewall products.A firewall can be installed by in-house staff, the vendor, or an outsidethird party. In practice, scanning every bitof content either requires unviable numbers of servers, or imposes toolong a delay on traffic. The use of security tokens or biometricsrequires the installation of the appropriate readers at network andcomputeraccess points.Once a user is authenticated, authorization technologies are used to allowor prevent actions by that user according to predefined rules. But because every firewall has its own unique characteristicsand often runs on a proprietary operating system, some experts recommendthat the vendor install it - even if it may cost between $1, and $3, more. Since proxy servers prevent individual machines from beingidentified on the Internet, there is considerable advantage to companieswhose employees regularly access the Web as part of their business duties.Another consideration that companies need to take into account is the typeof information that is being accessed. Firewalls are important devices when a company has a system thatinterfaces to the outside world, such as to the Web. Greg Shannon, chief scientist with firewallmaker Milkyway Networks Corporation, says that customers should considerhow configurable the alarms are, and whether the system administrator canbe notified by pager or e-mail rather than having to be present at thefirewall itself. Bulletin boards provide a good exampleof firewalls in action. By cachingfrequently requested Web pages, companies don't need to pay again and againfor the same page, he says (see "Caching In," page 68).Caching Web pages also "speeds Web page retrieval because the pages canbe accessed quickly from the hard disk instead of redeploying theInternet,"says Goulde.The most common users of proxy servers are Internet service providerslike America Online Inc.and large corporations that not only want fastdownloads but also want to share a pool of IP addresses among their users,Yaffe says. With theintroduction of the graphic interface that became the World Wide Web andthe proliferation of commercial sites dedicated to new types of businesstransactions (e-commerce), the issue of privacy and data protection becameincreasingly important on the Web. Thiseliminatesthe need to install the TCP/IP protocol stack on every networked machine,reducing costs further.The iWay-One server is configured with two network interface cards: oneconnected via router to the Internet and the other connected to the LAN.The iWay-One disables the Windows NT routing capability to the internalnetwork so that no Internet users can gain access to machines on the LAN.Users on the LAN, however, can access the Internet through the server,which can also act as the corporate WWW, e-mail, and newsgroup server.The product also tracks statistics based on the amount of time users arespending on the Internet and how much information is up-loaded anddownloaded.It is also capable of auditing Internet locations users have accessed.BateTech offers annual maintenance for 15 percent of the purchase price,which covers all upgrades and revisions, as well as on-line support viathe Internet.The ANS InterLock application gateway system, on the other hand, sellsfor up to $42, . The productalso lacks some of the bells and whistles like real-time notification,support for a wide variety of applications, and free technical support.The ANS Interlock is a more flexible product offering several state-of-the-artfeatures, including Java-filtering and log reduction. Communications securityencompasses encryption, digital signatures, and other techniques forscramblingand coding data to ensure it is transmitted to the right place and rightperson.Although communications security has received more attention in the pressand among companies exploring ways of doing electronic commerce, about9 % of the publicized break-ins have occurred on the operating systemslevel, Mr. McChesney said.Cardinal's bank on the Internet, which Mr. Mahan expects to be accessiblethis summer, will apply both communications and computer security.On the communications level, the Cardinal system will employ private-and public-key encryption and digital signatures for data transmissionsand authentication of senders and receivers. Business & Company Resource Center -- News/Magazine Display PageBusiness & Company Resource CenterComputer Weekly, Nov 21, 2 2 p74The cache catcher.(proxy servers)Natalie TownerFull Text: COPYRIGHT 2 2 Reed Business Information LimitedAn organisation's main Internet security policy rests in its proxy serversso the skill will always be in demand, writes Nick LangleynWhat is it?Proxy servers are a combination of an Internet cache - storing commonlyrequested Web pages to take some pressure off production servers andnetworks- and a firewall.The proxy server sits between clients, such as Web browsers, and theorganisation'smain servers. In addition, current technologies cansignificantlyassist an agency in reassessing previously identified risks, identifyingnew problem areas, reassessing the appropriateness of existing controlsand security-related activities, identifying the need for new controls,and redirecting subsequent monitoring efforts.We enumerate cybersecurity technologies in a framework that is based onthe five general categories of controls related to the security serviceor functionality that available technologies provide:1. Trap Doors A trap door (or back door) is a mechanism that is built into a systemby its designer. The dramaticexpansion in computer interconnectivity and the exponential increase inthe use of the Internet are changing the way our government, the nation,and much of the world communicate and conduct business. Based on its design, including whether it is just software or usesa hardened or proprietary operating system, the features it supports, andthe services the vendor offers, a firewall will range in price from lessthan $1, to more than $4 , .For example, BateTech Software Inc.'s software-only solution sells foras little as $495, which includes the iWay-One software and allows Internetaccess for up to ten concurrent users. Biometric technologies automate the identificationof people using one or more of their distinct physical or behavioralcharacteristics--authenticationbased on something that users are. He recommendsthat customers ask at what data transmission rate the firewall is mosteffective and at what levels it no longer operates effectively. Click OK, close the box, andyou'redone.[ 3] CHANGE MOZILLA SETTINGS If you're not a fan of IE, chances are youuse Netscape, or another Mozilla compliant browser. Another type of boundary protection technology, content management,can also be used to restrict the ability of authorized system or networkusers to access systems or networks beyond the system or network boundary.Authentication technologies associate a user with a particular identity.People are authenticated by three basic means: by something they know,something they have, or something they are. A company may want to ask the vendorif the firewall performs log reducing. These attack tools have becomereadily available, and can be easily downloaded from the Internet and,with a simple ``point and click,`` used to launch an attack.Government officials are concerned about attacks from individuals andgroups with malicious intent, such as crime, terrorism, foreignintelligencegathering, and acts of war. System integrity controls are used to ensure that a system and itsdata are not illicitly modified or corrupted by malicious code.3. The transport layer builds onthe network layer by performing higher-level tasks while the applicationlayer is the process that engages network services (Thompson 25). In addition, the proxy servers can authenticate the various requeststhat are received for Web data to ensure that the request are genuine andacceptable. Firewalls, common in computer design, arethe first protective barrier for the inner sanctum of the computer systemfrom external intrusion. As with a virus,a worm compounds the damage it does by spreading rapidly from one site toanother. NAT helps prevent hackers fromguessinga user's internal corporate network address, which may help them accessthe internal network. BateTech's product will givethe user basic protection against hackers trying to access the internalnetwork but does not give users a high degree of flexibility. The followingdiscussionof design, features, prices, and services offers security managers someguideposts to help them through the firewall selection process.Design. But after that,it is all electronic.When connecting up, the customer and the bank exchange their digital keysto authenticate each other -- a process that is handled automatically onthe consumer's end through the use of a password.The connection is made over the Internet the most open of the electronicinformation highways, but the system's architecture could allow for accessto the bank through other channels in the future.RELATED ARTICLE: Protecting DataSecurity measures employed by Cardinal's new unit:Data encryption: The encoding of data for transmission on the Internet.Digital signature: Authentication of a transaction's sender and recipient.Hash functions: Translation of written documents into a complex, uniquenumber known as a "digital thumbprint."Firewalls: Barriers preventing entry to an operating system from theInternet.Audit files: Tracking ongoing activities of individual accounts on theserver, singling out irregularities.Article A166 5895(c) 2 4 by The Gale Group, Inc.Gale is a Thomson Corporation Company.Business & Company Resource Center -- News/Magazine Article PageBusiness & Company Resource CenterThe America's Intelligence Wire, March 9, 2 4 pNATECHNOLOGIES TO SECURE FEDERAL SYSTEMS MARCH - Part 1.Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2 4 Financial Times Information Ltd.(From GAO Reports)GAO- 4-467Report to Congressional RequestersUnited States General Accounting OfficeMarch 2 4INFORMATION SECURITYTechnologies to Secure Federal Systems March 2 4The Honorable Tom Davis Chairman, Committee on Government Reform Houseof RepresentativesThe Honorable Adam Putnam Chairman, Subcommittee on Technology, InformationPolicy, Intergovernmental Relations and the Census Committee on GovernmentReformMarch 9, 2 4Federal agencies rely extensively on computerized information systemsand electronic data to carry out their missions. If the information is unique andfrequently updated--such as with the news Web sites like cnn.com, a proxyserver will provide little performance benefit since these pages cannotcached. He says that a firewall buyer should show some healthy skepticismwhen it comes to cost versus value. The authorized network traffic would include the connectionsnecessary to perform functions like visiting Web sites and receivingelectronicmail.Article A1143585 4(c) 2 4 by The Gale Group, Inc.Gale is a Thomson Corporation Company. A firewall is set up as the single point through whichcommunicationsmust pass. Ranum also advises that customers ask how many full-time supportengineers the vendor has and the hours the support team operates. Not using a proxy serveris "like repeatedly paying 35 cents to dial 411 for a telephone numberinstead of writing it down on a piece of paper," Yaffe explains. Fill in the fields for your chosen proxy namesand port numbers for HTTP traffic. Configuration management and assurance Helpadministratorsview and change the security settings on their hosts and networks, verifythe correctness of security settings, and maintain operations in a securefashion under conditions of duress.The selection and effective implementation of cybersecurity technologiesrequire adequate consideration of several key factors, includingconsideringthe agency`s unique IT infrastructure and utilizing a layered, defense-in-depthstrategy.Information security is an important consideration for any organizationthat depends on information systems to carry out its mission. The number and type of controls shouldbe commensurate with the level of potential impact. Because of the way IP addresses are assigned (muchlike area codes are assigned to different regions), nearly all companieshave Class C network addresses, which can support only 254 hosts at a time.A company with 5 employees, therefore, would need two Class C networkswith corresponding addresses or one network and a NAT.Virus scanning. These technologiescan be categorized by the control functionality they provide. Viruses are not independent programs, butinstead executes only when their host program is run. A dialog box willpop up notifying the system administrator that the risk exists and shouldbe fixed. A program that intercepts routeddata and examines each packet in search of specified information, suchas passwords transmitted in clear text. Free proxy testing tools and anonymity checkerscan help.[ 2] CHANGE IE SETTINGS To add your proxy to Internet Explorer 6 clickTools> Internet Options> Connections. Remote administrationallowsconfiguration and monitoring from a central location, which is especiallyimportant for companies with many firewalls in many places. Configuration management and assurance controls help administratorsto view and change the security settings on their hosts and networks,verifythe correctness of security settings, and maintain operations in a securefashion under duress conditions.We frame our discussions of specific technologies around these categories.We introduce each general category and describe how the technologies workand their reported effectiveness. In addition to data tampering, threatsinclude viruses, worms, Trojan horses, bombs, trap doors, and spoofs, amongothers. These firewalls are typicallyset up as part of the router that comes with Internet connection. The frameworkincludes guidelines for assessing agencies` implementations of specifictechnical controls such as antivirus software, technologies to ensure dataintegrity, intrusion detection tools, firewalls, and audit and monitoringtools. Some firewalls are soldwith a "hardened" or "secure" version of an operating system, which meansthat the vendor has modified the operating system's source code to supportonly those functions needed to run the firewall. Some software threats maybe designed to channel funds from one account into another(personal/professional gain) or to cover up a separate illegal or unethicalact. This product is morecomprehensive and designed for large corporations needing round-the-clocksupport.While these two examples highlight the range of choices, companies shouldnot assume that price means quality. Magazines such as Data Communications, InfoSecurity News,and Network World periodically test and rate firewalls based on a varietyof criteria. An idea of the basicsof IP and port addressing would helpHOW LONG WILL IT TAKE?1 minutesMORE INFOPossibly the largest list of public proxy addresses easily available onlinewww.publicproxyservers.comAnother exhaustive list of proxies, with particular emphasis on anonymitywww.proxy4free.comMore server lists, plus tools and a nonymity checkers--register for betterreliability www.freepublicproxies.comArticle A1 8276587(c) 2 4 by The Gale Group, Inc.Gale is a Thomson Corporation Company.Business & Company Resource Center -- News/Magazine Display PageBusiness & Company Resource CenterComputerworld, Nov 22, 1999 p67(1)Proxy Servers; DefinitionA proxy server is an Internet server that controlsclient computers' access to the Internet. For the same reason, Shannon says that the vendor should alsoinitiallyconfigure the system.The vendor may or may not provide maintenance and repairs as part of itscontract. If you've got a standaloneconnection you'll see it here--choose it and click on Settings. NAT allows privatenumberingschemes to be used on internal networks - despite their lack of uniquenessto the entire pool of IP addresses - thus conserving the number of publicaddresses. "A proxy server can be configured toestablish legitimate requests that get forwarded to the Internet andillegitimaterequests that get kicked back to the client without being serviced," saysMorency.Proxy servers enable companies to cache Web pages locally, which savesmoney because the pages are stored internally, says Joel Yaffe, an analystat Giga Information Group Inc. The product is an application level gateway thatprovidesproxy services for FTP, News (NNTP), Gopher, Real Audio, X-Windows, HTTP(Web), SMTP, Generic TCP and Generic UDP, NTP, SSL, and Telnet, amongothers.The product also provides access control, or filtering capabilities, byuser, group, pair of hosts or networks, protocol, and time of day. The ANS InterLock is one of very few firewalls that supports Java-filteringas well.The InterLock uses a modified (not hardened) operating system based onthe SunSoft Solaris operating system. NIST recommends that three general classesof security controls be employed--management, operational, and technical--tosupport these security objectives. For the past several years, we have analyzed audit resultsfor 24 of the largest federal agencies and we have found that all 24 hadsignificant information security weaknesses.Concerned with accounts of attacks on systems via the Internet and reportsof significant weaknesses in federal computer systems that make themvulnerableto attack, in October 2 Congress passed and the President signed intolaw Government Information Security Reform provisions (commonly known asGISRA). Access control technologiescan help protect sensitive data and systems.2. The Friday the 13th virus and Michelangelo viruses both fell intothis category ("Technologies" n.p.). Packet filters work at the network level by accepting only approvedpackets. Documentssuch as the home page, company news and announcements, or details ofproductsmost in demand, can be preloaded into the cache.All requests for these pages can then be dealt with by the proxy server,and the source servers only become involved when pages need to be updated.Alternatively, algorithms can determine whether a page accessed by oneuser is likely to be required by another, and is therefore worth keepingin the cache.Proxy servers can also be used in small businesses and offices to enablea number of users to share a single Internet connection.nWhat makes it special?A proxy server is the main engine for implementing an organisation'sInternetsecurity policy.Properly configured, its cache capability can deliver response times thatwould only otherwise be possible with a much larger server farm and morenetwork bandwidth. Most firewalls offer some type of monitoring andalarm mechanism for suspicious events or network intruders. He stated that theSeptember 11, 2 1, attacks demonstrated the nation`s dependence oncriticalinfrastructure systems that rely on electronic and computer networks. Moreover, agencies are typically connected to the Internet--theworldwide collection of networks, operated by some 1 , Internet serviceproviders (ISP). The company probably should purchasea firewall that is flexible and can accommodate new applications as theyarise. If you'reon a Local Area Network (LAN), click LAN Settings in the LAN Settings boxinstead. Experts agree that there hasbeen a steady advance in the sophistication and effectiveness of attacktechnology. There are five layers within TCP/IP:physical, data link, network (IP), transport and application. Cryptography controls include encryption of data during transmissionand when data are stored on a system. Fill in the Address and Port fieldswith your chosen proxy name and port number from Step 1. Firewall software may run on an operating system such as UNIX,Windows, NetWare, AIX, SunOS, Solaris, or DOS. Henoted that attacks of this nature would become an increasingly viableoptionfor terrorists as they and other foreign adversaries become more familiarwith these targets and the technologies required to attack them.In 2 3, the Federal Computer Incident Response Center documented 1,433,916cybersecurity incidents related to systems at federal agencies anddepartments--comparedwith 489,89 incidents in 2 2.4 This dramatic increase may be relatedto the military actions taken by the United States against Iraq in 2 3.According to the Department of Homeland Security`s National InfrastructureProtection Center (NIPC), illegal cyber activity often escalates duringa time of increased international tension. So part of the skill of configuring proxy serversinvolves balancing security needs against performance requirements.nWhat is it for?Proxy servers protect corporate information assets, and improve responsetimes. These are identified by headers that indicate to routing systemsalong the way where the data should be sent. his brother-in-law.(Cardinal Bancshares Inc.)Karen EpperAbstract: Cardinal Bancshares Inc's Chip Mahan contracted with SecureWareInc, which is owned by Mahan's brother-in-law Michael McChesney, to developcomputer security and data encryption programs for the bank's electronicservices. Packet filters work at the network level using TCP/IPby accepting approved packets - bundled information with headers that telleach routing computer along the way where to send it. An application gateway filters data atthe application level. Drafts of additional standards andguidelineswere recently released for public comment.FIPS 199 established three levels of potential impact of cyber attackson organizations or individuals--low, moderate, and high- -and categorizedinformation and information systems with respect to three securityobjectives--confidentiality,integrity, and availability. Shannon says that, therefore, a key featurewith remote access is encryption. The advantage to a machinehostingmore than one application is that it is cheaper, and for smaller companiesthis may be an option, even if the security risk is greater.Services. The latter often requiresome form of registration, but are usually more reliable than the publiclylisted ones. Table 2 lists the five control categoriesand a brief description of the technologies that support these categories.Boundary protection Firewalls Control access to and from a network orcomputer. The firewall runssoftware that examines the network packets arriving at its networkinterfacesand takes appropriate action based on a set of rules. He says that unencrypted remotemanagementis unacceptable.Security and authentication. A logicbomb explodes in someone else's system; a trap door gives the originaldesigner a secret route into the software (and provided the basis for themovie War Games). Implementation Considerations Companies considering setting up a proxy server need to take intoaccount what type of protection they are seeking to provide through theserver, and whether a proxy server is the best way to provide thatprotection. Shannon cautions, however, that companies should not use theirfirewallgateway to perform too many nonsecurity functions. Additional features may depend on the specifictechnologyof the firewall. Firewalls in general and proxy serversin particular can address these issues, but careful attention must be paidto how the Internet is used and whether a dedicated proxy server or apublic server makes the most sense for any one organization. Netscape and Apache proxy servers can be used withWindows,Solaris, Linux and other servers.nFew people know thataMicrosoft's ISA is not a technology stock-related tax free savings account.nWhat's coming up?Security features like certificate-based client authentication; greaterconvenience through single sign-on.Article A945 2381(c) 2 4 by The Gale Group, Inc.Gale is a Thomson Corporation Company.Business & Company Resource Center -- News/Magazine Display PageBusiness & Company Resource CenterInternet Magazine, Autumn 2 3 i1 9 p81(1)Set up your browser to use a proxy server: use a proxy Web server to speedup your browser and protect your anonymity.(proxy servers)Dave WilbyFull Text: COPYRIGHT 2 3 EMAP Media Ltd.If you're a hardened Internet fiend who's been down the back alleys ofthe Web and encountered some of its shadier souls, chances are you'refamiliarwith the concept of proxy servers.A proxy server effectively replaces your regular Web server, acting asa buffer between your computer and the pages of content you're accessing.Any data you download has to pass through the proxy before it reaches you.Many people use proxy servers to get around firewall restrictions at theirplace of work. According to the Federal Bureau ofInvestigation,terrorists, transnational criminals, and intelligence services are quicklybecoming aware of and using information exploitation tools such as computerviruses, Trojan horses, worms, logic bombs, and eavesdropping sniffersthat can destroy, intercept, degrade the integrity of, or deny access todata.2 In addition, the disgruntled organization insider is a significantthreat, since such individuals often have knowledge that allows them togain unrestricted access and inflict damage or steal assets withoutpossessinga great deal of knowledge about co If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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