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Essay Subject: Examines seven components of artificial intelligence as well as provides an overview of the ...... More...

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Paper Abstract: Examines seven components of artificial intelligence and provides an overview of the field itself and considers the outlook for artificial intelligence. Critical role A.I. plays in medicine and business. Paper Introduction: Artificial Intelligence Introduction Artificial intelligence has held considerable promise for enhancingthe lives of human for many years and has even taken hold of ourimaginations Movies such as The Stepford Wives and A I play on the fearsof how humans would interact with intelligent machines and the televisionshow Star Trek The Next Generation explored the issue of the naturerelationship that humans and intelligent machines would have through thecharacter of Data Today artificial intelligence is a long way fromproducing humanoid robots that can effectively Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. In addition, these systems canbe updated with new information on a regular basis so that they are keptcurrent with news and trends in a particular field (Celik, 2 1). In this way, pilots are able totrain on new equipment without having to risk themselves or multi-milliondollar aircraft, and game-players can have the same thrills by using flightsimulators with their personal computers. Othertypes of robots have participated in space exploration, including therovers that are operating on Mars. Artificial Intelligence Introduction Artificial intelligence has held considerable promise for enhancingthe lives of human for many years, and has even taken hold of ourimaginations. (2 2, May). Machine intelligence and the Turing test. Growth isexpected to be strong in Europe and Asia as artificial intelligencecontinues to penetrate the commercial financial and transportation sectors. Robots, more than anyother aspect of artificial intelligence, are perceived to have the capacityto replace humans, a view that was largely generated by fiction writers andpropagated by Hollywood films. The United States had a technological advantage atthat time in the field, although the rest of the world--particularly Europeand Asia--were showing signs of increasing their participation in themarket. n.p.This headline is (half) false. Computers have traditionally used logic thatrelies on either statements being entirely true--given a value of "1"--orentirely false--given a value of " ". Catching up with expert systems. Thus a user could enter the question "What were salesin 2 3?" and the computer would reply with the appropriate sales figure.While this is a simple task for humans, it is a daunting task for machines. In fieldswhere changes occur rapidly and among many different individuals, it can bedifficult to maintain an expert system's relevance. Expert Systems Expert systems are used to assist in the decision making process anduse information from human experts to form the framework for thosedecisions. Expert systems are used in a variety of fields, fromtransportation and logistics to medicine and space exploration. The outlook for the field is also considered. Note thatthis differs from pattern recognition that is used in biometric analysiswhere data from an unknown source--fingerprint or retinal scan, for example--is compared to an existing database for validity. However, growth is expected to be strongest in the United States ascompanies implement artificial intelligence systems to enhance theirintelligence gathering efforts as well as manage their supplier andcustomer relationships (McKellar, 2 3). But actual robotswere much different as they began to take their place performing tasks thatare too dangerous or too boring for humans to perform effectively or forlong periods of time. Public Utilities Fortnightly (1994), 141, pp. Increasingly, robots are moving away from resembling human beings andtaking on appearances appropriate to their tasks. These absolutes worked well withcomputers that were focused on mathematical problems, but were not helpfulat handling real-world situations where absolutes were often not available. In this case, word frequency is sometimes used to helpdiscern meaning in the text (Brackenbury & Ravin, 2 2). Movies such as The Stepford Wives and A.I. ReferencesDelaney, B. Pattern recognition is important because machines can have greateraccess to a wider amount of information than human beings can amass singly. Key to defining technology as artificial intelligence is thatartificial intelligence systems are able to handle complex environments,assist in the development of new devices, learn from examples andexperience, and use the vernacular rather than machine code for input andoutput (McKellar, 2 3). Spyware is a key example of intelligentagents that are specialized; these agents monitor a user's Web usage, forexample, and report back to their "owners." In some cases, thisinformation is used for marketing analysis; in other cases, this type oftechnology may be more nefarious (Perez, 2 2). play on the fearsof how humans would interact with intelligent machines, and the televisionshow Star Trek: The Next Generation explored the issue of the naturerelationship that humans and intelligent machines would have through thecharacter of Data. Theartificial intelligence market is likely to grow significantly in comingyears, and the various technologies that compose artificial intelligenceare likely to merge as computing power becomes both more efficient and lessexpensive. Natural Language Processing The issue of natural language processing illustrates the considerablegap that exists between computers and human beings when it comes to theissue of intelligence. 3 .McKellar, H. 51-56.Rating travelers for risk. Artificial intelligence: Past and future. Travelers who are in sales might also fit thisprofile, but they are also likely to have traveled with similarcharacteristics in the past and thus might not raise the same concerns astravelers who are exhibiting these patterns for the first time. The Roomba vacuumcleaner is a flat disc that is able to navigate floors and avoid obstacleswhile vacuuming, taking over a particularly boring household chore. IBM Systems Journal, 41, pp. The most sophisticated virtualreality set-ups link visual, audio and tactile inputs and outputs, and areable to respond to the user's inputs through sophisticated virtual devices. At the same time, more rules can be applied for analysis than humans arecapable of using, and additional rules can be added as appropriate.Immediately following the attacks of September 11, 2 1, patternrecognition was put into place at airports to help flag travelers who mightpresent a greater risk. 77. Byapplying fuzzy logic to the situation, analysts have developed algorithmsthat make it possible to solve problems that are non-linear and morecomplicated than the liar's statement. Today, artificial intelligence is a long way fromproducing humanoid robots that can effectively simulate human appearanceand behavior, but considerable strides have been made in this realm.Artificial intelligence now plays a critical role in medicine as well asbusiness, and there are indications that robotics, one area of artificialintelligence, may become smaller--even to the cellular level--and moreuseful rather than larger and human-like. Virtual Reality/Simulation Devices Virtual reality devices, as their name implies, simulate realitywithout putting the user into harm's way. These include travelers who purchase ticketsimmediately before a flight, those who pay in cash, and those who haveitineraries that are not straightforward--the hijackers had many of thesesame characteristics. (2 3, April). Technology Review (Cambridge, Mass), 1 7, p. Intelligent agents. This is a form of so-called "bottom up" naturallanguage processing in which smaller units are used to determine largermeaning; in the case of AskJeeves.com, individual words are processed todetermine the larger context. (2 3, July 1). (2 2, September). Thus simulation and virtual reality is used not onlyin airlines and the military, but also in the space program, for highlycomplex manufacturing techniques, and even in the power industry togenerate forecasts of usage for specific regions and even specificbuildings (Delaney, 2 3). By 2 3, the market had grown significantly, increasing from $9 million in 1993 to more than $11.9 billion. Pattern Recognition Pattern recognition is both as simple and as complex as its nameimplies. 18.Perez, E. For many years, robots were viewed asartificial humans, and were portrayed that way in films. Users are encouraged totype in questions and the search engine uses key words in the question todetermine meaning. Using information containedin a database, the system might flag certain transactions as requiringmanual intervention ("Rating Travelers," 2 1). Intelligent Agents Intelligent agents are tools that act on behalf of an individual, andare proactive, rather than reactive, in those actions. (2 1, July). But he cannot tell the truth; hence the paradox ("This headline,"2 3). Enter the cyber-utility. Online, 26, pp. 36-39.Celik, M. Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence is generally considered to include seventechnologies: expert systems, neural networks, natural languageprocessing, intelligent agents, fuzzy logic, pattern recognition androbotics. Outlook The outlook for artificial intelligence is good, although progress maybe slower than earlier exuberant analysts expected. In 1993, one study estimated the global artificial intelligencemarket at $9 million. Specialized agents are not always welcomed by allusers; for example, Web users who allow cookies to be placed on theirmachine are, in effect, allowing intelligent agents from other companiesaccess to their information. Fuzzy Logic As with the other types of artificial intelligence considered to thispoint, fuzzy logic has its basis in the way that humans process informationfrom their environment. Despite thedifficulties, strides are being made in this area (Brackenbury & Ravin,2 2). On the surface, pattern recognition is simply the ability ofmachines to recognize patterns in transactions or activities. These agents perform specialized tasks and differ fromtraditional programs in that they operate in an open environment, such aswith access to the Web. Robots have also been used to exploreunderwater wrecks, including the Titanic, and may be used in the future toprovide real-time surgical assistance (Brooks, 2 4). Natural language processing refers to the abilityof machines to understand the vernacular--typically English, but otherlanguages as well--rather than relying on machine code or so-calledcomputer languages. The liar's statement,often used as an example of a paradox, illustrates this type of statement.In this example, a man who always lies makes the statement, "I am lyingright now." If he is lying, that statement means that he is telling thetruth. Pharmaceutical Technology, 25, pp. Artificialintelligence is not yet able to produce a human-like butler capable ofanticipating and providing the evening's cocktail to its human owner, butrobots and intelligent agents are able to perform tasks that are toodangerous, too boring, or too time-consuming for humans to take on.Continued advances in technology are likely since there are both militaryand commercial applications for artificial intelligence, and it is likelythat the major technological components of artificial intelligence willbecome increasingly linked, with robots using intelligent agents or virtualreality on a regular basis. Robotics Robots are the one area of artificial intelligence that is capable ofinspiring fear at the same time they inspire awe. Automobiles are nearly allpainted by robots in today's factories, replacing humans in a boring,repetitive and dangerous--due to the fumes--activity (Brooks, 2 4). Fuzzy logic initially was introduced as a way to account for statementsthat are partially true, but also partially false. Another type of natural language processingis that of "top down," where the goal is to determine the topic of anentire document. Fuzzy logic holds that this statement would not receive a value ofeither " " or "1", but rather, something in between, such as .5. It is themachine's ability to differentiate in these cases that renders itparticularly useful at not only determining whether certain patterns exist,but the importance of those patterns within a particular environment("Rating Travelers," 2 1). In addition,intelligent agents use rules to guide their behavior, but those rules areflexible and can be modified with relative ease in order for the agents toadapt to changing conditions. The Economist (US), 369, p. In addition, there are specificapplications for helping to gather business intelligence if machines areable to crawl the Web looking for intelligence that would be applicable toa specific business or industry. Estimates put the value of theartificial intelligence market at more than $21 billion in 2 7. Robots are able to integrate physical interactionwith some type of intelligence, usually navigation, so that that they areable to replace humans in specific tasks. Robots are also shrinking in size,compared to how they were once portrayed on film, and nanotechnology ismaking it possible for very small robots to engage in tasks such asmanufacturing printed circuit boards that require considerable precisionunder difficult circumstances. In fields wherechanges may occur less frequently, the cost of updating the system andkeeping current with new technology can be expensive (Celik, 2 1). Common types of intelligent agents include spider search engines, suchas Google, which crawls the Web categorizing pages as it moves along.Specialized agents perhaps hold the most potential for deployment inbusiness. KMWorld, 12, p. However, even in the 199 s, companies recognized the valueof artificial intelligence with most of the companies in the Fortune 5 using artificial intelligence in some area of their operations (McKellar,2 3). Natural language processing has applications in business in that itcan help organize and manage the large numbers of documents typicallyproduced in any business environment. The holodeck on Star Trek is an example of how Hollywood has envisionedvirtual reality in the future (Delaney, 2 3). In the case of patternrecognition and artificial intelligence, machines are able to identifypatterns in the same way--but with greater efficiency--that humans do.Here, the patterns might be linked to fraudulent credit card transactions,for example, based on when the transaction occurs, whether it occursonline, and where the transaction originates. Business Week Online. There are some analysts who predict thatartificial intelligence will be commonplace within 15 years, much ascomputers and the Internet became commonplace within approximately thatsame timeframe (Brooks, 2 4). The Robots are here. The issue becomes even more complex when true natural language is used andthe above question becomes "What were sales last year?" with the machinehaving to determine what year it currently is, then determine what year"last" year was, and then determine the sales figure. This research examines theconcept of artificial intelligence and considers seven areas that composeartificial intelligence. (2 3, October 4). Conclusion Although the vision of artificial intelligence provided by films andscience fiction has yet to come to pass, artificial intelligence isincreasingly becoming a regular part of life both at home and at work. In the United States, the government funded most of the researchin artificial intelligence because of its military and defenseapplications. 524-529.Brooks, R. 122-124.Brackenbury, I., & Ravin, Y. (2 1, October 23). The main benefit to virtual reality and simulation systems is thatthey allow analysts and users to take advantage of the considerable powerof computers to determine whether a particular configuration of a newproduct will work prior to investing in prototyping expenses or building acomplicated product. Solving these types of problemsprovides scientists with tools that have applicability in real life,whether in assisting elevators in stopping at precisely the same pointregardless of the weight of each load, or in helping computers assisthumans with nonlinear problems ("This headline," 2 3). Many individuals have used natural language processing when they usethe search engine AskJeeves.com on the Internet. The artificial intelligence market has grown significantly in the pastten years. (2 4, February). Lastly, intelligent agents are generallyrecognized to be social tools in that they are able to interact with otheragents as well as with human beings (Perez, 2 2). However, this ability to stay current also highlights one of the keyproblems with expert systems; that is, they are only as reliable as theinformation and experts that are used to create their databases. One of thereasons that expert systems have gained such wide acceptance is they areable to process information from more sources than a single individualcould possibly contact, and do so quickly. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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