Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of The Internet   Term Paper ID:32316 Click to get this paper

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Paper Abstract: This paper discusses the book, Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of The Internet. It describes the growth and challenges of the Internet. Two different points of view re: why the Internet was created. Paper Introduction: Origins of the Internet Thirty-five years ago interactive computer networks did not exist Today at least six hundred million people worldwide are surfing the Net and the number is growing dramatically This book Where Wizards Stay UpLate The Origins Of The Internet was written with the cooperation of theWizards themselves in an attempt to set the record straight The bookitself is based mostly on interviews with the scientists and engineers whodesigned and built a revolutionary computer network that spawned the globalInternet The Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Taylor set out to explore a way to get the three computers tocommunicate with each other. Thesepeople believed that advanced computing capacity was vital to the nationaldefense; DARPA, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, proposedconnecting a number of computers through the phone system. A few visionaries sawthem as the ultimate communications devices. Distributed. Almostimmediately, e-mail became the most popular feature of the Net. Eventually, self-interest rather than selflessness became part of theprocess. The book's author describes an initial work environment in whichparticipants worked collaboratively. Another feature was the creation of newsgroups to enablescientists with common interests to exchange information and views. According to one point of view, there is a widelyheld misconception that the government Internet was created to protect theUnited States' nuclear capability in case of a surprise attack. By thetime the Defense Department decided to try to regain control of theInternet that it had financed, it was obvious that they had inadvertentlycreated a process that no single entity could control. To send information over the network, hesuggested that the messages themselves be fractured into smaller dataelements or data sets. The book spends time describing some of the more colorfulcharacters. A nationwide network called the ARPANET grew from four initial sites.Protocols were developed, and along the way a series of accidentaldiscoveries were made, not the least of which was e-mail. Communications between the terminals was at that point in timeimpossible. In 199 , the ARPANET itself was shut down, fullymerged by then with the Internet it had created. This was termed packet-switching. Origins of the Internet Thirty-five years ago, interactive computer networks did not exist.Today, at least six hundred million people worldwide are surfing the Net,and the number is growing dramatically. The bookitself is based mostly on interviews with the scientists and engineers whodesigned and built a revolutionary computer network that spawned the globalInternet. It was a daringadventure that has paid significant dividends to the United States and toother nations - reducing communications costs, and bringing the worldcloser together - making it a safer place for all of us to live. Over time, reluctance developed onthe part of some people to release key information, such as the sourcecodes of the Interface Message Processors (IMP). The other perspective is that scientists began towonder why none of the computers could talk to other computers. The Internet is used to conduct business, forindividuals to communicate via email and on message boards, to individualsand companies to conduct business intelligence gathering, for personalenjoyment and by student for research assignments. This was anentirely new technology. This book, Where Wizards Stay UpLate: The Origins Of The Internet was written with the cooperation of theWizards themselves in an attempt to set the record straight. TheARPANET continued to grow, then merged with other computer networks tobecome today's Internet. This book discusses and describes the people, the problems,and the personalities of the individuals directly involved in creating theInternet. Centralized, 2. In 1966, the Defense Department's AdvancedResearch Projects Agency funded a project to create computer communicationwith its university-based researchers. The book presents two contradictory points of view about why theInternet was created. Katie Hafner suggeststhat this particular intellectual property disputed was the harbinger ofthe intellectual property issues that would emerge in decades to follow. With funding from the Defense Department, a core group of Wizardsbegan work on a nationwide, interlocking network of computers. President Eisenhower began ARPA as a research and development agencyto rival the Soviets advances in technology. More importantly, the book explains in easy to understandlanguage the technical hurdles which had to be overcome - as well as thehardware and software that had to be invented before this first generationinternet became operational. This book chronicles the story of the pioneersresponsible for creating the most talked about, most influential, and mostfar-reaching communications breakthrough since the invention of thetelephone. In February of 1966, Bob Taylor who was employed by the AdvancedResearch Project Agency located in the Pentagon was in charge of three non-networked computer terminals, each terminal running a different operatingsystem. Over time, the number of nodes grew to 115 - until sensitivegovernment nodes opted to create their own networks to better ensure datasecurity. In twenty-five years, the Internet had grown from an idea to a toolthat is used by at least 6 million people - or about one-tenth of theworld's population. ARPAs mission was to find away for government-sensitive information to withstand an attack from theSoviets on the Pentagon. As an example of the detail provided in the book, we read that Emailquickly became one of the most widely used features of the governmentnetwork. When Paul Baran joined ARPA, he began working on away to build communications structures whose surviving components couldcontinue to function as a cohesive entity if the other pieces weredestroyed. Instead,this book makes it clear that the Wizards' intent was for the Internet toshare computing resources and to channel information from one researchcenter to another. It took months to perfect. Baran had another idea. In the beginning ofthe federal government Internet system, there were four nodes on thenetwork. Thus, WhereWizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet is the story of the smallgroup of researchers and engineers whose invention became the foundationfor the Internet. Baran diagrammed three kinds of networks in a paper he wrote.The three networks were: 1. De-centralized and 3. At the time, computers whereregarded as not much more than giant calculators. Considering the importance of the Internet in modern day life, and thefact that the history of the Internet is well documented, it comes assomething of a surprise how little many people understood about the originsof the system - and more importantly how the Internet made it into thebusiness world. 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