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Paper Abstract: Discusses growing violence in public schools since 1955. Issue of public policy concern. Gang activity and valdalism of 1950s. Different structure of school violence in 1990s. School-related violence from outside the schools. Cites violent incidents in schools throughout U.S. where guns were used. Social theories. Programs to combat school violence. Paper Introduction: Introduction A major line of dramatic action in the 1955 motion picture Blackboard Jungle, based on Evan Hunter's novel, involves an idealistic high-school teacher's quest to make administrators, including his own school's principal, acknowledge that the tough urban school has a problem with juvenile discipline. Vandalism, gang activity, racially motivated fighting, assaults on students and teachers--all of these are features of the film, and all reflect what in the 1950s was termed juvenile delinquency. Hunter (1955) asserted the novel to be a commentary on a major US social problem of the day and claimed that narrative was based on fact. So strong was the impact of the film on popular culture that Clare Booth Luce, wife of Time magazine publisher Henry Luce and Eisenhower's US ambassador to Italy in the mid- Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. In Jonesboro, Johnson, who had bulliedpartner-in-crime Golden, also felt picked on by Shannon Wright, the teacherkilled in the incident. Several of theadult perpetrators of violence were also subsequently found to have beenunder influence of any of a variety of psychotropic drugs, from Valium toProzac (AP, 1988B; AP, 1993). One teacher bled to death from wounds, unable to reach medical help during the six-hour SWAT Team siege and mass evacuation of students and teachers (Brooke, 1999; Harper, 2 ). The boys involved in last year's shootings shared three traits: they were estranged from family and classmates (in some cases owing to poorly treated mental illness); they had immersed themselves in a violent entertainment subculture; and they had ready access to guns (Booth & Others, 1999, p. Responses to school violence have taken many forms, however.Postmortem studies of violence in US schools have sought to identifysources of violent behavior with a view toward truncating it. The ability to conceive of a complex conspiracy--however juvenile--to hurt and kill acquaintances bespeaks a significantlevel of social alienation. ThePatriot Ledger, A1. (2 , March 29). ofEducation as the federal executive cabinet department charged withoversight of the state of American public schools, published for congressan account of the degree and kind of violence in public schools (HEW,1978). Cirillo, K. Writing in 1971 in a typical line of thought, Clark says thatmost "crime in America is born in environments saturated in poverty and itsconsequences . (1998, Summer). . InCalifornia after the Stockton incident, attempts to regulate sale andpossession of assault weapons fell before intense lobbying of gun-controlopponents such as the National Rifle Assoication, which touted theunenforceability of control laws (Ingram, 1991, p. 3A). To be sure, "civilians" could fall victim to gang-to-gang fighting,but gang-culture issues, notably control of illegal-drugs trafficking, werethe issues at stake (e.g., Crime Casts, 1982), not school-related concerns.Before 198 , Los Angeles's Martin Luther King Medical center had admittedno child under 1 with gunshot wounds. Report of the Subcommittee to Investigate JuvenileDelinquency, based on investigations, 1971-1975. For gang members the word for gang andfor neighborhood [barrio] is identical" (Moore, 1978, p. Los AngelesTimes, 1. 48) suggests a rather more mundane reason for thefailure of gun control to capture the imagination of the American public,that the US is a nation "accustomed to multiple murders." The Littletonincident did not particularly strengthen the forces of gun control; acursory review of Internet sites mentioning Littleton and dealing with guncontrol reveals that the weight of sentiment is dramatically against gunlicensing or control of any kind. Los_Angeles_Times, A12. Hunter(1955) asserted the novel to be a commentary on a major US social problemof the day and claimed that narrative was based on fact. WhileCirillo, et al. Microsoft Cinemania. In the Littleton case, there appears to havebeen little administrative awareness or acknowledgment of--let alonetolerance for--what was later thought to have been the experience of severebullying by the killers who specifically targeted their tormentors oncethey decided to retaliate with violence. Social alienation and a degree of family pathology are a common themeof the perpetrators of in-school violence. He killed two female students and wounded seven other students before being subdued by a teacher. Blackboardjungle. Lester, T. Review of Blackboard Jungle. Ultimately the lawwas irregularly and ineffectively enforced (Heath & Tapscott, 1993). Poisoned food adds twist to rampagecase. Booth, C., Brice, L.E., Trumbull, J.M., Padgett, T., & Philadelphia, D.(1999, May 3). Ingram, C. Children of Jonesboro.U.S. Preventing violence: From tragedy to solutions.USA Today, 126, 46-8. She killed one and wounded five others before shooting herself (AP, 1988). (1978,January). Los Angeles Times, B1. Retrieved from the World Wide Web 9 October2 1, athttp://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/specials/schoolviolence/pearl.html. Johns HopkinsUniversity. N., O'Brien, E., Overpeck, M., Reed, W., Small, M., & Tuma,F. References Associated Press. pick[ing] onyounger kids, got into fistfights, and even issued death threats" (Blank,Vest, & Parker, 1998, p. Since 1955, the scope of violence in public schools has gone beyondalternative or mechanical-arts school environments. Good, J. New York Times, A1. Metaldetectors, increased security presence, and the like have been installed inmany schools, such measures being preferred to gun control laws. Shooting at school leaves 2 dead and 13hurt. Hunter, E. Thnis is aggravated by access toguns. W. (1999). In that vein, it was observed by asociological study mounted in the late 197 s that territoriality is a"truism in most gang studies. Washington, DC: US SenateCommittee on the Judiciary. Before moving to Arkansas, he had been the buttof fat-boy jokes in the town of Spring Valley, Minn. Egan, T. Reason, 31, 4-11. New York: Simon and Schuster. panel endorses gun bill.Washington Post, B1. Moore, J. Blank, J. Crime casts cloud over nation's playground. A woman named Laurie Dann walked into a second-grade class with three handguns and started shooting children. < 16 December 1988, Virginia Beach, Va. First annual report on schoolsafety. Golden, like Kip Kinkel in Oregon, had an extensivepersonal collection of guns. (2 1, May). So strong was theimpact of the film on popular culture that Clare Booth Luce, wife of Timemagazine publisher Henry Luce and Eisenhower's US ambassador to Italy inthe mid-195 s, intervened with the Venice Film Festival to preventBlackboard Jungle from being screened there (Kael, 1996). Atlantic Monthly, 271, 48-78. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Torres, D. He shot 15, killing two students and wounding 13 others (Purdum, 2 1). (2 1, March 6). But school violence persisted as a cause of public-policy concern.Evidence of violent incidents in schools mounted over the course of the198 s and 199 s. In past years, past decades, school violence was associated insignificant part with school vandalism or gang activity. using shootings to say something, and what they're expressing is a complicated set of emotions. Bullying in schools. Bragg, R. (1993, December 17). < 24 March 1998, Jonesboro, Ark. New York Times, A1. Retrieved from the World Wide Web 9October 2 1, at http://infoweb3.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_action=doc&p_docid= EB42A3D97 FD9B8&p_docnum=36&NBID=P5DV5BCQMTAwMjkwODkzMy44NjMxNDQ6MTo3OnJmLTQzMTg. Banks, R. Blackboard jungle. Vest, J., & Parker, S. of Health, Education and Welfare, which predated the Dept. Creating a peaceful school learning environment: acontrolled study of an elementary school intervention to reduce violence.American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 8 8-81 . 1). Gang violence reduction project: Second evaluationreport, November 1977-September 1978. He had earlier stabbed his mother to death. put it (1998): "Since education is a prerequisite forsuccess, any disruption is damaging to the students' future." Tnus theurgency of understanding and intervening optimally to prevent or diminishviolence is strong indeed. In Jail, One Boy Cries While the OtherStudies the Bible. Gillespie locates the murderous rampages of Kip Kinkel and LukeWoodham in family and individual pathology. Certaincommonalities in the social psychology of violence perpetrators wereanother place to start: Real prevention is much harder; it means addressing the underlying causes of violence. (1998, October). J.Emerson (Ed.). . At Atlantic Shores Christian School, Nicholas Elliot, 16, carried a backpack filled with several high-powered weapons into the classroom. Campbell, B. Adolescence, 33, 319. (1998) were not able to come up with an effective violence-reduction program for a sample of at-risk juveniles assembled for thepurpose, they did find that use of alcohol and drugs was positivelyassociated with a tendency to view violence as a reasonable response toresolving conflict.Conclusion Identifying and following through on causes of incipient schoolviolence is undoubtedly a complex and loaded problem because the causes andtypes of violence are themselves complex. Gunman had attendedschool he assaulted but motive remains unclear in attack. Cinemania 96, CD-ROM. Schools of alienation. A. (1988b, October 4). Twemlow, S. Luke Woodham, 16, strode into the commons area of Pearl High School in suburban Jackson, Miss., opened his blue coat, pulled out a hunting rifle, and started firing. Md. Our nation's schools A report card: "A" in schoolviolence and vandalism. Vandalism, gang activity, racially motivated fighting,assaults on students and teachers--all of these are features of the film,and all reflect what in the 195 s was termed juvenile delinquency. National Desk. The big picture was articulated in a report on the statusof school safety in the late 199 s: "Each year between July 1994 and June1998, approximately 45 violent incidents that resulted in deaths occurredin . Retrieved from the World Wide Web 9October 2 1, athttp://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/featured_articles/99 521friday.html Seiler, M. Kentucky students respond with prayer,forgiveness and many questions. Malcolm Gladwell, the author of The TippingPoint, finds that epidemics come in many shapes and sizes. < 4 October 1988, Mascotte, Fla. . (1982, October 11). (1983, August 15). Indeed, in the197 s and much of the 198 s, violence in schools was associated with gangviolence, which was routinely associated with turf wars between groups ofasocial delinquents, often members of racial minorities and lowersocioeconomic strata. Washington,DC: National Institutes of Health. For example, on 2 November 1986, inCanton, Mass., Rod Mathews, 14, beat a classmate to death with a bat in thewoods near his home (Corneel, 1987). Los Angeles Times, 3A. . A shift in the perception of school violence began to emerge in the198 s, when certain anomalous began to surface in school settings. 4). Public Health Reports, 11 , 199-2 . Kipland Kinkel, 15, having shot his parents to death at home, took a semiautomatic rifle to the high school cafeteria and sprayed fire, hitting 25 and killing two students. Gillespie (1999, p. Corneel, K. Retrieved from the World WideWeb 5 October 2 1, athttp://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/specials/schoolviolence/westpaducah.html. Michael Carneal, 14, walked into a Heath High School preschool prayer meeting and opened fire with a .22 semiautomatic pistol, killing three female students and wounding eight other students before surrendering. He got two guns from his stepfather's extensive firearms collection, took them to school, and shot six students. Lungren, Roberti ok rewriting of '89 gunlaw. As of October 2 1, the Littleton incident remains the most deadly--but not the last--of its kind in US history. 4) cites a "highly uncomfortable--but strangelyunderstandable--empathy for Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris" in Littleton.Gillespie continues: When Newsweek quotes a classmate saying that the two walked the halls of Columbine "with their heads down, because if they looked up they'd get thrown into lockers and get called a 'fag,'" who doesn't exactly understand the anger and frustration such abuse inspires? L., Evans, R., &Ewbank, R. No one paid attention. Just as gang activity inschools was being identified and understood as a fundamental source ofschool violence, the provenance of school violence was shifting inunexpected ways. Associated Press. This research examines the phenomenon of violence in American schools.The research will set forth the background and context in which schoolviolence has emerged as a public-policy issue and then discuss the impactthat school violence has had on the discourse, formulation, andimplementation of relevant public policy, with a view toward forecastingpossible lines of development.School Violence: Important Social Problem In 1975, Senator Birch Bayh of the Senate Judiciary Committee authoreda report that characterized US schools as brimming over with violence.However, a subsequent review of the Bayh report (Gottfredson & Dalger,1979) found that the kind of violence cited in the report was far morelikely to be found in with the largest student populations. . He killed himself (Ingram & Jones, 1989). Sack, K. Retrieved from the WorldWide Web 9 October 2 1, athttp://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/specials/schoolviolence/ky-school-shooting.html Brooke, J. On the theory that violence is a US public-health problem, Campbell and Segal (1995) advocate instilling violence-prevention strategies in the emerging generation of physicians andpsychology professionals, on the theory that it is best to train them torecognize, diagnose symptoms of, and intervene effectively in a variety ofscenarios of violence. (1991, August 29). (1995, March-April). Retrieved from the World Wide Web 9October, 2 1, at http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dash/violence/intro.htm. incubates in places where thousands have no jobs, andthose who do have the poorest jobs" (Clark, 1971, p. (1997, December 3). . The presence of school violence has been a constant; the form thatsuch violence has taken has shifted. Los Angeles Times, A18. As Watson-Moore (1998)suggests, the tone of engagement with children's problems in school is setat the top and that leadership qualities of a school's principal areessential if such factors as family pathology, access to guns and/orviolent entertainment content are to be mitigated. Adolescent and school health: Violence in schools. Ingram, C., & Jones, R. Violence is apart of the film Blackboard Jungle; a teacher is assaulted, saved from agang rape by the hero, who proceeds to explore mutuality and hope for thefuture with the one delinquent who is portrayed as having a chance in life.But a remark in Kael's review (1996) of the film Blackboard Jungle isinstructive for the present research: "Once again, a 'daring' Hollywoodmovie exposes social tensions--touches a nerve--and then pours on the sweetnothings." Equally instructive is that Blackboard Jungle is set in a publicschool for boys, a school that is specifically organized around the idea ofintervening in the problematic lives of problem juveniles. Atlantic Monthly. Associated Press. When Time reports that they were routinely physically threatened and taunted as "dirt bags" and "inbreeds," who doesn't feel a twinge of outrage on their behalf? Teens always have angst, obviously, but in Micronesia suddenly suicide became the way that the angst was articulated. Much of the discoursefollowing the cases of school violence from any source focused on the easyavailability of guns and the controversy over gun control. Sacramento: State of California,Dept. High-school freshman Charles Andrew Williams, 15, had threatened to take a gun to his suburban San Diego school. Park Dietz, a California forensic psychiatrist, studied the effect of Miami Vice on gun prices and demand, and found that the appearance of the Bren 1 in the hands of Sonny Crockett (Don Johnson) in early episodes of the show immediately boosted demand for the weapon. What can the schools do? Awareness of the fact of may be auseful first step in identifying causes, and it is difficult to see howanyone can read précises of events in Colorado, California, Georgia, andelsewhere without being persuaded of the urgency of the problem. Yet the aftermath of the incidents of the late 198 s and through the199 s vividly demonstrated patterns of alienation among those who killedparents, teachers, students, and administrators in the school setting.Nicholas Elliot had been the butt of taunts and racial slurs, especiallyfrom one of the boys Elliot killed (Larson, 1993). M. J., Pruitt, B. To be sure, asof 1995, 41% of urban students were reporting the presence of street gangsat their schools, whereas only 26% of suburban students were doing so(Riley & Reno, 1998). But civilian casualties increased inschool venues and on the street. Champaign, Ill.:ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education. One month after Littleton massacre, 6 are shotat Georgia school. But the high-profile incidents of violence in USschools were not taking place on the mean urban streets but in well-groomedsuburbia. . < 17 December 1993, Chelsea, Mich. Interventions along the lines of school andparental awareness and strong antibullying policies that are enforced areadvocated by Banks (1997). New York Times. Retrieved from the World Wide Web 9 October 2 1, athttp://www.cchr.org/event/31anni/violence/violpg3.htm. (1998, March). New York Times, A1. Retrieved from the World Wide Web 9 October 2 1,at www.nytimes.com/learning/general/specials/schoolviolence Riley, R., & Reno, J. Twemlow, et al. One articulation of that view is made by Gladwell(2 ), who uses the term tipping point to refer to the fact that, likedisease epidemics, "ideas and products and messages and behaviors spread"through a culture. NASSP Bulletin, 82, 5 . But remedies were difficult to identify. Former student Patrick Purdy opened fire with an automatic rifle on a school playground. What marks off this listfrom the previous one is that the violence was perpetrated by students, notby outsiders and not by adults. Retrievedfrom the World Wide Web 5 October 2 1, athttp://film.guardian.co.uk/Feature_Story/feature_story/ ,412 ,141472, .html. Leadership theory and student violence:Is there a relationship? You looking at me? It cannot be stressed too strongly that better acquaintancewith methods of violence prevention--whether verbal or physical,psychological or social--is essential if the circle of cultural pathologyand recrimination is to be broken and the children of the culture tosurvive its difficulties. Retrieved from the WorldWide Web 9 October 2 1, athttp://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/featured_articles. Retrievedfrom the World Wide Web 5 October 2 1, athttp://forum.theatlantic.com/WebX?.ee6b2d1. But the "trope" of schoolmates settling scores as it wereafter school and off the school grounds was by no means the dominant one.As the late 198 s gave way to the 199 s, school violence took on adifferent structure altogether. Los Angeles Times, A26. (1998, April 6). As mass-media coverageof mass shootings at such venues as Littleton, Colo., Paducah, Ky., andJonesboro, Ark., vividly demonstrated in the 199 s, school violence hasalso gone beyond vandalism, teacher assaults, and urban settings, anddecisively, dramatically entered the mainstream of Main Street USA. New York Times. (1999, July). Washington, D.C.: United States Government PrintingOffice. . (1997, October 15). Mitchell Johnson, 13, and Andrew Golden, 11, set off a phony fire alarm at Westside Middle School and raced to nearby woods. Good (1998) describes the SAVEprogram (Student Anti-Violence Education) in Philadelphia, in which experttrainers give seminars in anger management to students, as well as helpwith curriculum development in schools and provide in-service training tosocial-service professionals. The commonplace of the cruelty of childrenassumes ominous institutional significance when it is noted that adults atKip Kinkel's school pretty much ignored his oft-repeated obsession withguns on account of a "school strapped for counselors" (Egan, 1998, p. Gang violence has long been associated with poverty and socialalienation. T.J. . (Director). As teachers and children came outside for what they believed was a fire drill, Johnson and Golden opened fire, killing four girls and one woman teacher, and wounding ten others (Verhovek, 1998). A1).Equally, Luke Woodham appears to have been something of a social outcastgiven the apotheosis of sports and relative diminishment of intellectualachievement in the Pearl, Miss., school and Woodham's contrasting awkwardbookishness (Sack, 1997). Violent Schools, Safe Schools, which used data from previous yearsfor its content, was the first report on school violence of national scope,but by no means has it been the last. In thatregard, reporting on a shooting spree in a Los Angeles school in 1983, theLos_Angeles_Times quoted an official as saying the gang responsible for theviolence "wanted to establish control of the campus. Story of a gun. In the realm of psychological warfare against violence, a variety ofprograms have emerged in recent years. (1971). However, it is difficult tooverlook the fact that Kip Kinkel had been the butt of taunting at hisSpringfield, Ore., school. 44. Report No. W., Fonagy, P., Sacco, F. of Education. In Jonesboro, he"started to cultivate a tough, aggressive attitude . The Littleton andSpringfield incidents were connected to reports that the two murderousstudents had been bullied by fellow students, notably members of the highschool's football team, who were targeted in Littleton. Nation: Gunman kills girl, wounds1 at school. (1998, March 27). Dietz told the Cox Newspapers that Miami Vice "was the major determinant of assault-gun fashion for the 198 s" (Larson, 1993). Homeboys:_Gangs,_drugs,_and_prison_in_thebarrios_of_Los_Angeles. public schools: 1996-97. In particular, Gladwell cites the "stickiness" ofepidemics, notably the phenomenon of school violence, comparing theclusters of shootings to clusters of teenage suicides in Micronesia severalyears ago: There is something about the notion of acting out frustrations with guns in the school setting that has captured the imagination of certain disturbed kids . Retrieved from the World Wide Web 9October 2 1, athttp://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/specials/schoolviolence/98 327friday.html Vietnamese Gangs in California. New York: Pocket Books. Gillespie, N. school-associated settings" (Barrios & Others, 1999, p. Clark, R. Heavily armed Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris, 17, killed fellow students and teachers--13 in all--then each other, in an automatic-weapons shooting spree in the library, hallways, and cafeteria of Columbine High School in suburban Denver. (1979). Solomon, 15, had voiced despairing, suicidal thoughts. Every year since 1978 similar reportshave been issued, designed to bring lawmakers up to date on the status ofthe safety of property and person in the public-school setting. (1978). (1955). E., Colwell, B., Kingery, P. Violence anddiscipline problems in U.S. Disruption in six hundred schools.Baltimore: Center for Social Organization of Schools. Larson (1993, p. (Film) Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Students who are bullied may have low self-esteem problems orphysical weaknesses that make them vulnerable. AsCirillo, et al. In LosAngeles, Moore says, gang culture "stem[s] from the quasi-isolation of thesemisecret juvenile group," citing the confrontation of (say) the Chicanocommunity as a whole vis-à-vis the Anglo power structure. The shooters in these incidents were not members of animpoverished urban minority group but instead came from relativelycomfortable socioeconomic segment. (1998, May). Berman, P.S. Someschool violence emanated from adults, i.e., outside perpetrators bringingviolence to the school setting: < 2 May 1988, Winnetka, Ill. A lone gunman invaded an elementary school playground and started shooting, wounding a third-grader in gym class (AP, 1988B) < 17 January 1989, Stockton, Calif. (2 , October). 35). Washington, DC: Department of Education. Five students hit in shooting at Comptonschool. Retrieved from the World Wide Web 9 October 2 1, athttp://infoweb3.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_action=doc&p_docid= EB42A975D6831C &p_docnum=153&NBID=P5DV5BCQMTAwMjkwODkzMy44NjMxNDQ6MTo3OnJmLTQzMTg. ERIC Digest. (2 , February 27). (1998a, October 6). < 26 September 1988, Greenwood, S.C. In a strange way--and one starkly at odds with the early media narrative of Klebold and Harris as isolated, inhuman killing machines--the pair almost emerged from the coverage as high school everymen, stand-ins for every bad memory of adolescent injury in a school setting (Gillespie, 1999, p. Associated Press. (Producer), & Brooks, R. Widely known to be obsessed with guns and bombs, and having membership in shooting clubs, he had the previous day been expelled for attempting to bring a gun to school (Egan, 1998). Teacher kills superintendent atstaff meeting, police report. (1979). Bayh, B. There is a view that school violence in the US developed something ofa life of its own. (1998, March). (2 1) describe an experimental zero-tolerance programagainst bullying, which achieved better results for absence of violencethan a control program aimed at traditional counseling methods. A teacher, Steven Leith, went armed into a school meeting and shot the school superintendent, wounding two others including a fellow teacher (AP, 1993). (1997). InMaryland in 1988, voters outlawed "the sale of so-called Saturday nightspecials." But interpretation and implementation of a law, designed toimpanel judges who would approve or disapprove the right of weaponsmanufacturers to offer certain models of guns for sale in Maryland, proveda hot-button issue for the 1988 presidential election. Retrieved from theWorld Wide Web 9 October 2 1, at http://infoweb3.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_action=doc&p_docid= EB43 4A9ED8599F&p_docnum=1&NBID=P5DV5BCQMTAwMjkwODkzMy44NjMxNDQ6MTo3OnJmLTQzMTg. . This was an isolated incident,horrific in the way of other murders, but certainly distinguished by itsunusual nature. C., Gies, M. James Wilson, 19, entered an elementary school and started shooting at schoolchildren. Larson, E. . Purdum, T.S. . Los Angeles Times, A25. In this country right now it's school shootings. No one particularly believed im. They had also planted homemade pipe bombs around the school grounds. (1982, February 1).U.S._News & World_Report, 22. 38). Verhovek, S.H. NCES 98- 3 . That is the kind of alienation that an alertteacher or administrator might have addressed. They came by andmade their claim" (Seiler, 1983, p. Sack, K. (1996). Larson (1993) says that America's entertainment media"provide the last ingredients in the perverse and lethal roux that keepsthe body count climbing even as the domestic arms industry shrinks." Just as McQ promoted the Ingram, Dirty Harry promoted the Smith & Wesson Model 29 and Miami Vice such assault weapons as the Uzi, Bren 1 , and members of the Ingram family. Two eight- year-old girls were killed, and two teachers plus seven children were wounded (National, 1988). United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare. AtlanticMonthly. In October 1998 he pleaded guilty by reason of insanity (Bragg, 1997, AP, 1998a). Time, 153, 38. The school was perceived as a venue in whichantagonisms having little to do with school were being played out. Training cannot anticipate all contingencies, but one lesson ofLittleton appears to have been that law enforcement has adopted a moreaggressive attitude, or at any rate more aggressive training to respond tohostage crises of various kinds (Harper, 2 ). Gunman flees after wounding thirdgrader at Florida school. < 2 May 1999, Conyers, Ga. With the exception of Nicholas Elliot,an African-American, they were all white, and all were fundamentally middleclass in background, not demographically alienated in the manner of gangsor ethnic enclaves overwhelmed by poverty. (1993, March 26). Barrios, L.C., Baer, K., Bennett, G., Bergan, A., Bryn, S., Callaway,S., Davis, D., Downs, R., Dressler, K., Ho, T., Karp, N., Mathews-Younes,A., MacMurray. Washington, DC: US Dept. . In both cases, a contagious and sticky idea has taken hold of people (Lester & Gladwell, 2 ). . For thereason that violence is a common thread that touches the lives of students,teachers, and parents around the country, whatever the causes, violenceitself fosters pathological behavior and tragically pathologicalexperience. M., Hurley, R.S., & Ballard, D. Equally, this list is distinguished fromthe account of gang activity in and around school settings. Teen-ager pleads guilty in fatalshooting at Kentucky school. Crime_in_America. Kael, P. Newsweek, 44. In a review ofprograms aimed at reducing violent gang activity, a California study ofgang conflicts cites "large increases in both incidents against nongangmembers and robbery-related incidents" (Torres, 1979, p. < 2 April 1999, Littleton, Colo. In 1978, the USDept. Over the course of the month, investigators discovered that Woodham was part of of a cult of friends called the "Kroth," and that cult members had discussed plans for committing mass murder--just teen talk until Woodham acted (Sack, 1997). (1988, May 22). Violent schools, safe schools: The safe school study report tothe congress, volume 1. Introduction A major line of dramatic action in the 1955 motion picture BlackboardJungle, based on Evan Hunter's novel, involves an idealistic high-schoolteacher's quest to make administrators, including his own school'sprincipal, acknowledge that the tough urban school has a problem withjuvenile discipline. Bullying and its simulacra--teasing, taunting, shoving, pushingthreatening, hitting, stealing, socially isolating--have been identified asa major feature of antisocial behavior in schools, with an estimated 15%engaging in the practice and another 15% of students receiving it (Banks,1997). (1993, January). Research suggests--and the experience of Johnsonin Jonesboro tends to confirm--that they may lack social skills and maycome from authoritarian and/or confrontational family environments wherephysical punishment is used. More than this, it has been recognizedthat violence has raised the stakes of life experience significantly. VITAL, a curriculum inviolence prevention for a medical school. ii). (1998, May 23). It turned out that not all school-related violence was coming intoschools via outside perpetrators. Guardian Unlimited. (1955). 13). New York Times, A1. Five children were killed, and 3 others were wounded. Gottfredson, G., & Dalger, D. New York Times. T., & Segal, S. 57). (1988, September 27). In Mississippi, details emerge in teen-ageslaying case. In contrast, bullies havebeen found to have few self-esteem problems, though this does not rule outpsychological ineptitude. Teen charged with murder: Second student diesfrom wounds. News & World Report, 124, 16-2 . New York Times. (1989, January 19). National Center for Education Statistics. Parents find clue to why their son killed. < 1 December 1997, West Paducah, Ky. < 21 May 1998, Springfield, Ore. The relevance of the sociology of gangs to the present research isthat theories of social alienation of a group--whether ethnically,culturally, or economically based--turned out to have limited applicationto the degree and kind of violence that, from the late 198 s until thecurrent period, emerged in US school settings. Retrieved from the World Wide Web 5 October 2 1 athttp://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/interviews/ba2 - 3-29.htm. (1975). Mitchell Johnson had moved in with his father at Jonesboro, Ark.,after his parents' divorce. < 1 October 1997, Brandon, Miss. Pursued, he briefly put the gun barrel into his mouth, then surrendered to a principal (Sack, 1999) < 5 March 2 1, Santee, Calif. The list if student-to-student violence set forth here is notexhaustive, but it is decisively representative because all of theincidents share certain important characteristics. Retrieved from the WorldWide Web 9 October 2 1, at http://infoweb3.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_action=doc&p_docid= EB42A423154CBB7&p_docnum=32&NBID=P5DV5BCQMTAwMjkwODkzMy44NjMxNDQ6MTo3OnJmLTQzMTg. American mass-media culture has come in for special criticism from avariety of sources. Culturalalienation was also identified in California's emerging Vietnamese-Americancommunity, derived from the aftermath of the Vietnam war, which in the late197 s and early 198 s nurtured a gang subculture because of "theircountrymen's distrust_of_American_authorities" (Vietnamese, 1982, p. By 1987, the King center had admitted 34children with gunshot wounds (Larson, 1993). Retrieved from the WorldWide Web 9 October, 2 1, at http://www.ed.gov/pubs/AnnSchoolRept98/. But aside from lawenforcement training there have emerged a number of programmatic responsesto violence that involve organized, research-driven methodologies aimed atidentifying sources of conflict that could lead to physical violence on onehand, and identifying means of addressing conflict in nonviolent andproductive ways. Taunts and bullyingappear to be symptomatic of what has been characterized as a "brutishschool culture" in which the prevailing tyranny is one of cliques,conformity, and repression. Watson Moore, L. Retrieved from the World Wide Web 9 October2 1, at http://infoweb3.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_action=doc&p_docid= EB429CE19962 36&p_docnum=16&NBID=P5DV5BCQMTAwMjkwODkzMy44NjMxNDQ6MTo3OnJmLTQzMTg. School violence: prevalence andintervention strategies for at-risk adolescents. (1999, April 2 ). Retrieved from the World Wide Web 9October 2 1, athttp://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/specials/schoolviolence/ore-shoot.html. Shoot to kill. He took a semiautomatic handgun out of the backpack, shot two teachers, one of whom survived, and shot at other students before being subdued by a teacher (Larson, 1993). 17). Harper, T. (1999, May 21). Heath, T., & Tapscott, R. of the Youth Authority. 2 gunmen at Colorado school reportedly killup to 23 before dying in a siege. (1987). If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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