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Paper Abstract: Examines effects of cross-cultural communication. Differences in conflict negotiation strategies. How they vary according to different dimensions of culture: individualistic versus collectivist, masculinity versus femininity, cultural time orientation, levels of power distance, uncertainty avoidance. Communication style preferences. Complicated nature of communication in cross-cultural setting. Paper Introduction: Conflict Negotiation Strategies in Cross-Cultural Communication Abstract The purpose of the present study was to examine, via a qualitative review of relevant scholarly literature, coupled with an analysis of data obtained from popular press publications and interviews, the differences in conflict negotiation strategies displayed in a cross-cultural context. Proceeding from the theoretical work of Hofstede (1980, 1993), the study was based on the assumption that conflict negotiation strategies would vary according to several different dimensions of culture, including the individualistic versus collectivist dimension, masculinity versus femininity dimension, cultural time orientation, and levels of power distance and uncertainty avoidance. It was further assumed that understanding of the e Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. & Herzog, T. It was further assumed thatunderstanding of the effects of cross-cultural communication stylepreferences, particularly with respect to conflict negotiation andresolution, would be instrumental in determining whether or not asuccessful conflict resolution could be achieved between actors from widelydisparate cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28(6), 743-768.Mortenson, S. He found, in general, that communicators fromcollectivist cultures with high power distance and low tolerance foruncertainty tended to be more compromising, less assertive, and moreobliging that people from individualistic cultures characterized by lowpower distance and uncertainty avoidance. Both Hofstede (198 , 1993) andTriandis (1995) argued that individualistic cultures tend to preferconflict resolution styles that are direct, regardless of power distancebetween communicators, whereas the reverse is common in collectivistcultures. Context-specific measurement of individualism-collectivism at the individual level. Additionally, interviewswith individuals from selected cultures as described above will be used toaugment findings from the literature. D., Preston, K., Brown, B. Additionally, the research is significant inthat it focuses on the issue of conflict resolution as an essential aspectof communicative efficacy (Cai & Fink, 2 ). Beverly Hills, Ca.: Sage.Hofstede, G. 57-71.Oetzel, J. Explaining individual communication processes in homogenous and heterogeneous groups through individualism-collectivism and self-construal. In the U.S. It offers insight into thereasons why certain cultural groups adopt or reject certain conflictresolution strategies and why these differences must be understood in orderto facilitate improved cross-cultural communication. Mediating conflict resolution and communication in both culturesare the dimensions of uncertainty avoidance or tolerance and powerdistance. The time-frame covered in the study will consist of materials fromthe 199 s, with the addition of fundamental theories of culture and itsdimensions produced by Hofstede (198 ) in the previous decade. Oetzel (1998) examined individual communication processes in cross-cultural groups, using the dimensions of self-construal andindividualism/collectivism as measures of conflict resolution andcommunication styles. Cai and Fink (2 2), in a similarstudy, found that individualists tend to use a dominating or integratingstyle in conflict negotiation, whereas collectivists employ avoidance,obliging or compromising. Leadership Quarterly, 8 (3), 233 - 274.Hallahan, M., Lee, F. The purpose of the present study is to examine the literature - bothscholarly in that contained in the popular press - to assess the differentapproaches to conflict resolution via communication that are employed byindividuals from collectivist versus individualist cultures. Theoretical Framework The theory employed in this study was articulated by Hofstede (198 ,1993), who argued that cultures can be characterized with respect toseveral dimensions - time orientation, uncertainty avoidance, powerdistance, individualism vs. A., & Fink, E. there was a greater emphasis on enhancing winnersand a greater emphasis on protecting losers in Hong Kong, as evident innewspaper and interpersonal communications. R., & Drake, L. In the forthcoming analysissection, each of these issues will be examined in the context of specificcultures with respect to conflict negotiation and communication. femininity -and that these aspects of culture invariably impact upon communication,gender roles, leadership styles, and conflict resolution. ReferencesCai, D. (198 ). Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28 (6), 768 - 778.Hofstede, G. It's not just whether you win or lose, it's also where you play the game. collectivism, and masculinity vs. T. Introduction Communication in the cross-cultural setting is complicated by anumber of factors, among which linguistic differences as well as cultureitself predominate (Cai & Fink, 2 2). Cultural Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. P., Hibino, S., Lee, J. Dorfman, Howell, Hibino, Lee, Tate, and Bautista (1997) suggested viaan analysis of leadership styles, communication processes and conflictresolution strategies in disparate cultures. Communication Reports, 15(1),. Culture is seen as shaping not only attitudestoward conflict, but also the manner in which interpersonal communicationis shaped when individuals from different cultures must resolve adisagreement. L. Human Communication Research, 26 (4), 591 - 617.Dorfman, P. Finally, the theoryoffers a set of basic assumptions upon which analysis can be built. Thisis despite the fact that the former tend to be more compromising andobliging. Cai, Wilson and Drake (2 ) examined this issue with respect tomulticultural negotiation and how these effects are moderated by role. Boulder, Co.: Westview. They foundthat both cultures exhibited the bias, but manifested this biasdifferently. Communication Monographs, 69 (1), 67 - 86.Cai, D. The major questions investigated in the study are: 1) What are the specific dimensions of culture that impact upon communication and conflict negotiation? These are the studies that speak to the researchquestions addressed above in this report. (2 2). Asample of American and international students (the former from anindividualist culture and the latter from collectivist cultures) took partin a negotiation task. Geert Hofstede (198 ) proposed atheory of culture in which five specific dimensions were seen as shapingcultural differences. The theory isuseful in that it speaks to the fundamental ways in which culture shapesbehavior, values, attitudes and communication as well as interpersonalrelationships. The literature and other data presented in the study support theassumptions stated above. Measuring these dimensions of culture was discussed by Matsumoto,Weissman, Preston, Brown and Kupperbusch (1997). (1993). E. Suchdifferences also speak to issues related to perceptions of power distanceand uncertainty avoidance (Oetzel, 1998). K., Tate, U., & Bautista, A. Hofstede (198 , 1993) as well as Triandis (1995)demonstrated via numerous studies of different cultures that thesedimensions are instrumental in socializing individuals and influencingtheir relationship building strategies. (2 2 . Academy of Management Executives, 7 (1), 81 - 94.Matsumoto, D., Weissman, M. (1995). (1997). 2) What are the critical differences in conflict resolution and negotiation styles that are associated with individualistic versus collectivist culture, and cultures in which high versus low power distance is preferred?To develop answers to these questions, a library and electronic databasereview of relevant literature will be undertaken. Sex, communication values, and cultural values. R., & Kupperbusch, C. Conflict style differences between individualists and collectivists. Typically, collectivist cultures tend to avoid uncertainty and torespect high levels of power distance associated with superior familial orprofessional status. Communication is understood asconsisting of both verbal and non-verbal communicative interactions, aswell as written communication modes (Oetzel, 1998). These researchers arguedthat there are often significant variations of cultural dimensions to befound within cultures. (1998). These dimensions consisted of a time orientation,preferred power distance, tolerance or avoidance of uncertainty, amasculine versus a feminine orientation, and a preference for collectivistversus individualistic action and identity. The studyis important in that as the world experiences ever-increasingglobalization, individuals from widely disparate cultures are findingthemselves engaged in communications and interpersonal relationships thatcan be complicated or made difficult because of a failure to understand aculture other than one's own. Each of these dimensions ofculture are seen by Hofstede (198 ) and others (Triandis, 1995) as shapingcommunication between equals, family members, workers and their superiors,other authority figures and subordinates, the genders, and acquaintances. The theory is useful in this study in that it provides a framework inwhich conflict resolution approaches, styles and strategies by differentcultural and national groups can be analyzed. (1997). Mortenson (2 2) stated that within a culture,regardless of its specific orientations or dimensional qualities, gender,gender roles, and attributions exert an enormous influence on communicationas well as conflict resolutions strategies; women specifically tend to beless verbally assertive and more obliging and compromising than males. W., Howell, J. A., Wilson, S. Results indicated that there is a culture incontext perspective on negotiation that takes into account negotiatorqualities and mediating processes. G. Culture in the context of intercultural negotiation: Individualism-collectivism and paths to integrative agreements. (2 ). Cultural constraints in management theories. Triandis (1995) specifically examined the nexusbetween culture and the constructs of individualism and collectivism,focusing on how these constructs shape interpersonal relationships,communication, and conflict resolution. Literature Review A number of studies have been undertaken to identify those elementsor dimensions of culture that impact upon human belief and value systemsand interpersonal relationships, including communication preferences.Hofstede (198 ; 1993), for example, has been instrumental in identifyingthe specific dimensions of culture as described above that shape and createcultural differences. These researchers also foundthat a more autocratic style of conflict resolution tends to be accepted incollectivist cultures than is prevalent in individualistic cultures. Individualism and Collectivism. Leadership in Western and Asian countries. (1997). C. Conflict Negotiation Strategies in Cross-Cultural Communication Abstract The purpose of the present study was to examine, via a qualitativereview of relevant scholarly literature, coupled with an analysis of dataobtained from popular press publications and interviews, the differences inconflict negotiation strategies displayed in a cross-cultural context.Proceeding from the theoretical work of Hofstede (198 , 1993), the studywas based on the assumption that conflict negotiation strategies would varyaccording to several different dimensions of culture, including theindividualistic versus collectivist dimension, masculinity versusfemininity dimension, cultural time orientation, and levels of powerdistance and uncertainty avoidance. Hallahan, Lee, and Herzog (1997) studied the so-called positivitybias - the tendency to make internal attributions for others' success andexternal attributions for failures - in a collectivist and anindividualistic culture (respectively, Hong Kong and the U.S.). Human Communication Research, December, 2 2 - 21 .Triandis, H. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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