MIGRATION TO CITIES.   Term Paper ID:29684 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Reasons why immigrants move to cities.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Reasons why immigrants move to cities. Economic opportunities and following relatives. Unequal access. Low socioeconomic status. Adaptive strategies of immigrants to help overcome barriers. Networks. Transnationalism. Paper based on essays in the book URBAN LIFE: READINGS IN THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE CITY. Paper Introduction: In cities around the world the influx of migration continues to represent both positive and negative aspects of urban existence. There are many push-pull factors responsible for migration to the cities. In many developing countries, immigrants either choose to move to cities or a city in a developed country in order to secure work and provide for their families. Many immigrants move to a city to because they are following a relative who has moved before them. The lure of economic opportunities and a higher quality of life often pull many immigrants to cities. However, as witnessed from the essays in Urban Life, the reality of the cities for immigrants is often less than the promise of the lure. Social position for immigrants is directly related to socioeconomic status based on income, race, religion, national origin and other aspects of ethnic Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Many immigrants move to a city to because they are following arelative who has moved before them. In manydeveloping countries, immigrants either choose to move to cities or a cityin a developed country in order to secure work and provide for theirfamilies. While Lewis implies thatpoverty causes immigrants to make irrational choices that lead them to adead-end, Judith Goode believes that the poor make realistic decisions inthe way they handle poverty. These networks are based on kinship or fictive kinship,in which friends act like kin" (Gmelch, et al., 2 2, 283). However, Foner arguesthat today's transnationalism is viewed with encouragement more than in thepast because of technology, globalization, and new laws. As Gmelch and Zenner (2 2)argue: "In stratified societies, people are unequal in the goods they own,the control they command over those goods and their lives, and the materialand symbolic rewards which others accord them. More democratic and egalitarian planning that incorporates theneeds of a diverse group of people will help lessen the impact of thepoverty of culture which has a deleterious impact on not only the poor butthe city as a whole. The problems and adaptive strategies of immigrants will likelycontinue until urban planning that is less privately funded and morepublicly oriented becomes the norm rather than the rule. The lure of economic opportunities anda higher quality of life often pull many immigrants to cities. There aremany push-pull factors responsible for migration to the cities. More public funding must begenerated in order to plan cities that are useful and inclusive for allcitizens. ReferenceGmelch, G. Thesecombine to lend the immigrant his or her status in the city, typically ator near the lowest rung of the social ladder. and Zenner, W. As long asprivate money continues to drive urban development, as long asglobalization continues to impoverish women and minorities, and as long asdevelopers ignore the needs of mixed peoples and mixed needs, it is likelysocial stratification will continue to occur along economic, race,religious, and other aspects of ethnicity. Social position forimmigrants is directly related to socioeconomic status based on income,race, religion, national origin and other aspects of ethnicity. She also arguesthat the modern wave of immigrants represents a resource pool of greaterriches than waves of the past, "Compared to the past, a much higherproportion of newcomers today arrive with advanced education, professionalskills, and sometimes substantial amounts of financial capital" (Gmelch, etal., 2 2, 349). P. Urban Life: Readings in the Anthropology of the City, (4th edit). They are also unequal intheir access to strategic power within the society" (266-267). Building cities for business purposes as the sole aim tends toexclude many individuals and create spaces and places that widen the gapbetween individuals instead of promoting community. This istrue for the poor women who migrate for sex, a migration that is based onthe impact of global development that forge cities or industry that areattractive to such women. Prospect Heights, ILL: Waveland Press, Inc. Nevertheless, despite which perspective oneadopts, Irene Glasser's Life in a Soup Kitchen reveals that social statusbased on color, race, religion and income creates a need in society forsocial programs aimed at providing inclusion, unity and social interactionfor those who are displaced by such demarcations. As communities evolveso do our notions of urban and rural and the distinctions between them, butthe culture of poverty seems to tag along no matter how much evolutionoccurs. Yet when we look at other countries like the DominicanRepublic, we see that some immigrants migrate because they are forced toearn money to survive in ways they cannot achieve where they live. (2 2). The equation works both ways as newcomers to thedeveloped areas offer a further pull for the sex trade, "In sex tourism,first-world travelers/consumers seek exoticized, racialized 'native' bodiesin the developing world for cut-rate prices" (Gmelch, et al., 2 2, 359).One can see the double-standard here when these same travelers more thanlikely live in cities of origin where they have a higher social status thanethnic minorities which they in foreign countries seek out for low-costsex. Because of this paradigm that controls social position and control,immigrants typically devise adaptive strategies to help them overcomebarriers to improving their social position, from a lack of education orability to speak a new language to stereotypes and prejudices. Yet we see a wide variety of viewpoints about adaptivestrategies of immigrants and their impact. Such socialmobility is often denied immigrants because the adaptive strategies theymust use to survive often lead them into a catch-22 from which there is noway out (or up). In cities around the world the influx of migration continues torepresent both positive and negative aspects of urban existence. However, aswitnessed from the essays in Urban Life, the reality of the cities forimmigrants is often less than the promise of the lure. In so doing, Glasserreveals one of the biggest adaptive mechanisms for immigrants - each other:"Central to the survival of the poor are the informal sharing networks formutual aid which develop between households in the face of deterioratingliving conditions. However, in an interesting essay entitledTransnationalism, Old and New, Nancy Foner argues that early waves ofimmigrants in New York City used transnationalism as a means of adaptingjust as modern immigrants do, albeit technology and other developments makethis much more readily available in today's world. Transnationalism is another adaptive strategy used by immigrants tocope with their new environment. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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