IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON LABOR.   Term Paper ID:29501 Click to get this paper

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Paper Abstract: Focus on employment in the U.S. Reviews studies on the issue. Positive and negative effects on the U.S. economy, and on women and minorities of immigration. Transnational migration. Economic, political and social effects. U.S. as a destination country. Economic impact on labor force, earnings and employment, growth; effects in agricultural sector. Paper Introduction: The issue examined in this research is the impact of immigration on domestic labor markets in the United States. Specific interests of this research are the impacts of immigration on the employment opportunities for women and minorities. In the contemporary period, more than at any time in the past, migration is a global phenomenon. In search of employment, higher wages, educational opportunities for themselves and their children, and to escape from persecution and violence, millions of people cross international borders each year. Over one hundred million people now live in a country other than that of their birth, and millions of these immigrants maintain their ethnic identities in their adopted countries (Weiner, 1996). Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Following immigration, labor use inCountry A increases to point 6, while average wage rates fall and EMPincreases to point 3. LosAngeles Times, 87. Weiner, M. Butcher, K. For some receiving nations, transnationalmigration also translates into trouble in the form of increasing socialconflict (Borjas, Freeman, & Katz, 1997). The data presented in Exhibit 2 indicate that the two years (199 -1991) of the 15-year period when immigration as a proportion of the laborforce was highest were not the years when the rate of unemployment was thehighest. The sensitivity of labor demand functions tochoice of dependant variable. The effect ofimmigration on aggregate native unemployment: An across-city estimation.Journal of Labor Research, 14, 299-316. Manyeconomists argue strongly at a theoretical level that immigration haspositive effects on the economy. Nevertheless, the findings of severalstudies conflict with the assertions made by the economists. F., & Card, D. 491986 7. (1991, August). (1982). (1997). Ehrenhalt (1993) also foundthat labor force growth was desirable to support economic growth. (Ed.).. Immigration and immigrants: Settingthe record straight. Chiswick, Cohen, and Zach (1997) contend that the immigration of low-skilled labor into a country need not harm the low-income labor alreadyresident in the receiving country if a benign income transfer systemsubsidizes any income losses suffered by the resident low-skilled laborwhile simultaneously maintaining the level of income for resident high-skilled labor. (1993, November). In the contemporary period, more than at any time in the past,migration is a global phenomenon. citizens or other kinds of immigrants. Before any immigrationoccurs, the wage rate in Country A is at point 1, labor use is at point 5,and employment (EMP) is at point 2. (1995, January 31). Migrations and cultures: A world view. Monthly Labor Review, 116(11), 11-3 . Saunders, N. 5 1984 7.5 113,544 544 . Many crops in California, Arizona, and Texas arelabor intensive in character. 5 1988 5.5 121,689 643 . The new Americans:Economic, demographic, and fiscal effects of immigration. migration: Politics andeconomic impacts. For some losing nations, transnational migration often is a way to riddingthe country of troublemakers. (1991). Labor-exporting governments often rush to the defense of their overseas nationals only when there is a public outcry. In search of employment, higher wages,educational opportunities for themselves and their children, and to escapefrom persecution and violence, millions of people cross internationalborders each year. In industrialized societies on average, non-citizens now typicallyconstitute more than five-percent of the population. 771993 6.8 128, 4 9 4 . Further, the historicalrole immigrants played in transferring technology and spreading skills andmanpower from areas of abundance to areas of scarcity, according to ThomasSowell (1995) is ending. (1998). From 1982 through 1994, three million people emigrated from Mexico tothe United States (Martin, 1995). Populations in the developedcountries are much less sympathetic - often hostile - to economictransnational migrants (Fix & Passel, 1998). labor markets. Ehrenhalt (1993) found that foreign immigration has a positive effecton labor force growth in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Trade Deficit Review Commission. The impact of immigration onunemployment and earnings among racial minorities in the United States.Ethnic and Racial Studies, 18(3), 6 5-628. New York:Basic Books. (1997). (1986). in the late twentieth century tend to stay on welfare longer than either ... 88199 5.5 124,788 1,459 . Those countries with the most human capital to contribute to the rest of the world have tended to send fewer and fewer emigrants abroad. Martin, P. D., & Martin, P. (2 , November). In the recent past, the flow of migrants has been enormouslybeneficial to the economic development of destination countries such as theUnited States, and the internal resources of immigrant communities havebeen important determinants of their success in their adopted countries,even under adverse circumstances. (1995). Migrations and cultures: A world view.Foreign Affairs, 75, 128-134.-----------------------Wage rate - A1Wage rate - BEMP - B243EMP - A5 6 These economistsalso contend that: (1) in times of rapid population growth, the effects ofimmigration on labor force growth is negligible; and (2) as populationgrowth slows, so, too, will labor force growth, in spite of higherimmigration (Saunders, 1993). Any disequilibrium introduced into the agricultural labor force,therefore, tends to affect agricultural producers through changes in theconditions associated with labor use (Thompson & Martin, 1991). Borjas (1986) found that a 1 percentincrease in the number of immigrants leads to an increase in male laborforce participation from . Former Republican Pat Buchanan, running for that party'snomination for president in 1996, made illegal immigration one of his hot-button issues, and he continued this argument as presidential candidate forthe Reform Party in 2 . Governments have turned to their nationals abroad for remittances, foreign investment, and assistance in the transfer of technology. McCall, L. With respectto the impacts on women and minorities of immigration, there are morefindings of adverse effects than at the gross level. Challenge, 3 , 56-62. In manyinstances, these groups - low-paid workers, minority population segments,and women - overlap. (1995). Borjas, G. Monthly Labor Review, 116(2), 4 -5 . The effect ofimmigration quotas on the average quality of migrating labor and incomedistribution. The issue examined in this research is the impact of immigration ondomestic labor markets in the United States. 131) The United States is a destination country of choice for people aroundthe world who desire (for whatever reasons) to migrate from their nativecountries. Country A is a high-wage country to whichimmigration will occur from low-wage Country B. Ehrenhalt, S. M. Specific interests of thisresearch are the impacts of immigration on the employment opportunities forwomen and minorities. Chiswick, B. The implication of this argument is that immigrationcauses the work force to increase more rapidly than the economy can createnet new jobs, thereby resulting in increased unemployment in the country.Many economists contend, however, that new immigrants also are a greatpotential source of strength for the economy, because they tend to beyoung, innovative, and entrepreneurial (Ehrenhalt, 1993). 71 (Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1995)________________________________________________________________ Further, the data presented in Exhibit 2 reflect gross relationships,as opposed to effects on specific groups within the labor force, such aslow-paid workers, minority population segments, and women. economy: Framework for BLSprojections. Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute. Economic Impact of Immigration, 81(2,: 292-296. In Kurthen, H. 4 percent and to a decrease in femalelabor force participation of . 52198 7.1 1 6,94 586 . are so eager to export their citizens ... Consumption-orientedbusinesses in the United States depend heavily upon population forsustained market growth. Southern Economic Journal, 52, 785-793. An implicit condition in this scenario is that theimmigrating low-skilled labor will paid wages lower than those being earnedby the resident low-skilled labor prior to the immigration, and that incometransfers will not be made to the immigrating low-skilled labor to raisetheir income to the level of the resident low-skilled labor (Chiswick,Cohen, & Zach, 1997). These concerns lead to questions such as:Do immigrants benefit the economy, taking unwanted jobs and providingneeded skills; or Do immigrants displace indigenous workers and burdenpublic resources in their adopted countries (Weiner, 1996)? Fix, M., & Passel, J. How much doimmigration and trade effect labor market outcomes?" Brookings Papers onEconomic Activity, 1, 1-9 . Simon, J., Moore, S., & Sullivan, R. Chiswick, B. J. 531989 5.3 123,87 1, 91 . (1993, Summer). Typically, agricultural production in labor-intensive crop areas depends heavily on immigrant labor (Canto & Udwadia,1986). Smith, J. (1998). (Weiner, 1996, p. that they are reluctant to assume the traditional commitment of states to protect their citizens abroad. In some cases countries earn more foreign exchange through remittances and direct investment by emigrants than through foreign aid or trade. Canto V. Borjas, G. Thedisagreement between some politicians and most economists on the effectsthat immigration has on both labor force growth and unemployment in theUnited States causes this issue to be an interesting investigative topic. Migrants now benefit their native country by garnering human and economic capital abroad, often with the forthright encouragement of their native governments. (1995, March-April). Mexican-U.S. What is notknown with any degree of precision, however, is just how many illegalimmigrants from Mexico were successful in their attempts to enter theUnited States. 1171991 6.7 125,3 3 1,827 . (Sowell, 1995, p. American workers who watch as companies transferjobs out of the United States, however, tend to view population growth,particularly that associated with immigration, as a threat. (1986, January). P., & Edmonston, B. 481985 7.2 115,462 57 . Thesepredictions project that the number of legal and illegal immigrantsentering the United States will continue to increase. Stamford, Connecticut: JAI Press, 73-94. Grossman, J. 61) International migrations, according to Sowell (1995), have become aless effective way of transferring human capital and a more effective wayof exporting social problems. Statistical abstract of the UnitedStates. R., Cohen, Y., & Zach, T. Authorities estimate that number at between 15 , and2 , per year (Martin, 1995). Such an outcome willplace additional pressures on public social services funding, as well asincreasing the tensions between native-born and immigrant populations inthe United States. 551983 9.6 111,551 56 . One of thecharges made frequently by politicians during this campaign was thatimmigrants to the United States are taking jobs away from people already inthe United States. Review of Economics and Statistics, 68(1), 58-66. In the latter stages of the 1996 generalelection campaign Republican nominee Bob Dole picked-up on this theme.Some Republican governors - notably Pete Wilson in California and GeorgeBush, Jr. The response of Americans to immigrants, however, is far frombeing uniform. J. J., Freeman, R. The labor market status ofimmigrants: A synthesis. B. Labor Law Journal, 42, 544-545. McCall (2 ), however, found an association between immigrationand lower wage levels for women. From 1965 through 1992, 3.7million Mexicans became legal immigrants to the United States.Simultaneously, however, more than 21 million Mexicans were apprehendedattempting to enter the United States illegally. Explaining levels of within-group wageinequality in U.S. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 64(4), 596-6 3. Inturn, a receiving society often benefits from such transnational migration. Rather, the rate of unemployment was highest in 1982-1983 whenimmigration as a proportion of the labor force was much lower than it wasin the 199 -1991 period. The U.S. Several governments, by way ofillustration, have created training programs to help their citizens competefor jobs in other countries. In California, Arizona, and Texas, the effects of immigration fromMexico on the California economy have been significant in the agriculturalsector (del Olmo, 1995). 1 to . Unfortunately, in the contemporary period, much of the purportedpolitically motivated transnational migration is in fact economicallymotivated (Smith & Edmonston, 1997). Unfortunately, the realityis often different from the hope. These data alone are not sufficient to concludethat immigration does not have adverse impacts on employment.Exhibit 2Unemployment, Labor Force Size, and Immigration: 1979-1993________________________________________________________________Year Unemployment Labor Force Immigration Immigration/ (%) ( s) ( s) Labor Force_1979 6.6 1 4,6 5 544 . Some elements of American society accept or even welcomeimmigrants, while others seek new laws to block immigrant entry -especially economically motivated immigration. Suchfindings, however, have not deterred the critics of immigration to theUnited States. 511987 6.2 119,865 6 1 . Simon, Moore, and Sullivan(1993) found that no relationship between immigration and unemploymentexists. 551981 7.6 1 8,67 664 . Globalization and the labormarket. Immigration reformand the agricultural labor force. The gain for Country A, however, is predicated on keeping theincome level for the immigrating labor sufficiently below that of theresident low-skilled labor to permit income transfer from the gain ineconomic output without harming resident high-skilled labor.Exhibit 1 The data included in Exhibit 2 (on the following page) provides someunderstanding of the relationship between immigration and unemployment at agross level in the United States. (Eds.). There are different motives for migration. Over one hundred million people now live in a countryother than that of their birth, and millions of these immigrants maintaintheir ethnic identities in their adopted countries (Weiner, 1996). Thus, based on that estimate,approximately five million persons immigrated illegally from Mexico to theUnited States during the 1965-1992 period - some 3 odd percent more thanthe number of legal immigrants from Mexico to the United States. The substitutability of natives and immigrantsin production. Economicmigration refers to movement by people in the hope of improving theireconomic positions, and political migration occurs when people seek toescape persecution or violence. Widespread public perceptions that immigration leads to increasedlevels of unemployment are pervasive in developed economies. That number represented 2 percent ofMexico's population growth during the period. in Texas - emphasized the same issue at the state level in the1996 election campaign. (Weiner, 1996, p. For individuals, transnational migration is a means of escaping from aplace they do not want to be or from conditions that they no longer want toabide to a new place that they hope is better. Neither aresuch perceptions limited to members of the public (Chiswick & Hurst, 1998). C. Sowell, T. E. Many refugees have no such human capital, and refugees ... Once escapees of their native countries, immigrants have now become expatriate members of their nations. a fundamental change in the function of immigration has taken place. One set of predictions for the United States holds that populationgrowth will be increasingly dependent upon migration. ... F. Grossman (1982) found that a 1 percent increase in the number ofimmigrants is associated with .8 percent decline in the number ofindigenous persons employed. S. 1461992 7.4 126,982 974 . Immigration, citizenshipand the welfare state in Germany and the United States: Immigrantincorporation. (1997, January). Nevertheless,conflicting findings also are present concerning these relationships.Further, many economists contend that immigration does not produce adverselabor market effects for women and minorities. Two widely appliedcategories in this context are economic and political migration. G. Demographics, 37(4), 415-417. 117,734 6 2 . Washington: United States Government Printing Office. (1996, March-April). (1995, July). L. The labormarket status of immigrants: Effects of the unemployment rate at arrivaland duration of residence. Grossman (1982) also found that a1 percent increase in the number ofimmigrants is associated with .2 percent decrease in general wage levels.Butcher and Card (1991) found that no relationship existed betweenimmigration and wage levels for either high-paid workers or low-paidworkers. These large andtypically visible immigrant populations are a cause of concern for bothgovernments and their citizens. The issue of immigration received increased public attention duringthe general election campaign of 1996 in the United States. The principal gainers from migration may no longer be the destination countries, but the countries of origin. The implication of these arguments is thatimmigration may not adversely affect the unemployment rate. Because individualsrepeat attempts to enter the United States illegally, the 21 million likelyincludes millions of individuals who made multiple attempts. Both the total economic gain for Country A and thetotal economic loss for Country B are defined by the space inside points 2,3, 5, and 6. (1993, February). Koposowa (1995) found substantialnegative effects of immigration on wage levels for minorities in the UnitedStates.Conclusion The data concerning the relationship between immigration andemployment effects (levels of employment and wage levels) at a gross level(total labor force) in the United States are not consistent. Bureau of Labor Statistics. R., & Hurst, M. While economic motives spur most of thetransnational migration in the contemporary period, politically motivatedtransnational migration tends to be the most acceptable to populations inreceiving countries (Blanchflower, 2 ). The data cover the inclusive period 1979-1993. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 289-3 3. Washington, D.C.:National Academy Press. 131) Many countries of origin clearly see the benefits of migration andactively export their citizens. A., & Udwadia, F. In the contemporary period, however,some people suggest that government benefits in industrial societies aremaking the absorption of immigrants more costly. del Olmo, F. Koposowa, A. Some Arab states ... B., & Katz, L. 4 percent. Open the door to Mexican workers. If these contentions are correct then ... (2 , September 18). Immigration and wages: evidencefrom the 198 s. For the losing society, transnationalmigration often robs it of some of its best and most innovative minds. An illustration and explanation of the logic of this contention,compiled by the researcher according to economic theory, is in the Exhibit1 on the following page. People claim to be political refugeesbecause they are aware of the sympathy extended by the populations in thedeveloped countries to such claimants. References Blanchflower, D. 611982 9.7 11 ,2 4 6 4 . Economic and demographic change:The case of New York City. Thompson, G. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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