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Paper Abstract: Discusses culture-specific gender roles. Examines gender roles in various cultures. Compares and contrasts the roles of men and women in two sets of cultures: Japanese and Islamic, Hispanic and Anglo. Women's roles as male-constructed. Anglo-American sex-role development. Hispanic tradition of a man' s supremacy. Islamic culture and gender roles. Encoded sex differences in Japanese society. Paper Introduction: This research examines gender roles in various cultures. The plan of the research will be to set forth the reasons for which exploration of culture-specific gender roles can yield information on the content and values of a culture and then compare and contrast the roles of women and men in two sets of cultures: Hispanic and Anglo, and Japanese and Islamic. Introduction The idea of societies organized around agriculture associated with the female principle out of societies characterized by hunter-gatherer food collection associated with male behavior, seems to have shaped the history and perception of the civilizing functions around engendered biophysical configurations (Rasmussen & Mellanby, 2000). No theory of social structure in the modern period, however, is complete without attenti Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. The history of polygamy, slavery, and the harem in Islam argues apresumption of institutionalized female inferiority, a presumption thatsurviving in the modern period. Britannica 2 1 Deluxe Edition CD-ROM. Madsen connects the tradition of a man's "supremacy . Hochschild and Machung (1989) focus on the role ofindustrial economy in that myth. (1971). New York: Viking.Landrine, H., Klonoff, E.A., & Brown, C.A. Traditional normsinvolve terms whose meaning and import can be easily inferred: familismo,personalismo, respeto, and dignidad. In Hispanic culture, unlike in mainstream popularimagination, machismo does not have a solely negative connotation butinstead overlaps and converges with dignidad and thus connotes personalcourage. Compare this with the moresubtle but less satisfying manipulations of roles in Anglo settings. Mexican-Americans of South Texas. 265). . Rolandelli's analysis is that TVpraises men for behaving as men are presumed to yet blame women forbehaving immaturely, as women are presumed to. . Hispanic/Latina women: Cultural norms & prevention. Any meaningful discussion of gender roles in Islamic cultureinvolves ideological-doctrinal Islam. Theory and Society, 4, 3 1-331.Hertz, R. Engendered roles are machismo (formen) and marianismo (for women), with dignidad the decisive sociallypresenting norm for men and women (Florida, 2 2). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.Morinaga, Y., Frieze, I.H., & Ferligoj, A. 53). Campbell (1978) cites Islam's claimto universal religious relevance for the totality of human experiencearticulated once for all time and immutably in the sharia, or Islamic law. This research examines gender roles in various cultures. Cultural diversity and methodology in feminist psychology: Critique, proposal, empirical example. Hertz refers to the "new dream" regarding home and careerthat surfaced among young women in the 198 s, "not only that sexdiscrimination in the workplace is dead but also that the new 198 s man islooking for a wife who has an exciting, rewarding career just like his. One comparative study of sex-roleself-assessment of white, black, Latin, and Asian students from a feministview (Landrine, Klonoff, & Brown, 1992) says that studies of gender roleshave not been sufficiently refined. Hispanic is a term that does not describe a homogeneous culture buta number of distinctive cultures that share the Spanish language. Career plans and gender-role attitudes of college students in the United States, Japan, and Slovenia. Retrieved from the World Wide Web 2 July 2 2 at http://www.fadaa.org/resource/justfact/!hispani.pdf.Goffman, E. Popular culture in Japan reinforces traditional sexroles (Rolandelli, 1991). Second shift: Working parents and the revolution at home. (1993, September). However, Hispanic culturedoes exhibit evidence of socially constructed male and female roles, whichare more overt and less concealed than in Anglo culture. Sex Roles, 29, 317-334.Rasmussen, W. (1989). . Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Campbell, J. Harem: The world behind the veil. Thus women's fate isattached to the fate and/or prerogatives of the men in their lives(Goffman, 1977). (2 2). 5-6). obscure a core truth in order tomanage a family tension" (Hochschild & Machung, 1989, p. (1991, December). The Masks of God: Occidental Mythology. Berkeley: University of California Press.Hochschild, A., & Machung, A. (2 ). D., & Mellanby, K. Theincreased wave of Central American immigrants from the 197 s onward hasbrought about country-specific subcommunities within the larger subgroup,and Cordoba (1995) warns against generalizations. Children are at thebottom and are expected to show respect and unquestioning obedience to bothparents and grandparents in general and to their father in particular, aswell as to those included in the extended family such as baptismalgodparents, in the tradition of "compadrazgo or coparenthood. Though Goffman (1977) says there are fewmeaningful differences gender biology in the industrial nations, he addsthat social roles and norms are much more forcefully felt than thoseattributable to biological difference, and that women feel them moststrongly. ReferencesAlireza, M. Yet it was easy for her husband to divorce her, by "by saying onesentence in front of an official from the Saudi Arabian Consulate in NewYork, and presumably signing a paper to that effect. 54); among the greatest weapons a motherhas against disobedient children is that she will "tell your father" (p.54). 2 ). "'Family myths' . The acquisition of Japanese "gender" particles. "Woman is a field, a sort of property that a husband may use or abuse as he sees fit," says the Koran (Croutier, 1989, p. While the position of Japanese women may not seem to beinstitutionally oppressed in the modern period, male prerogatives dominateJapanese experience. 12 ) reports that Japanese two-year-olds are imbued with gender-specific inflections or "particles" in theJapanese language that designate traditional sex roles. No theory of social structurein the modern period, however, is complete without attention to sociallydetermined functions of males and females, only apparently attributable totheir biological makeup. In dual-career households, genderstrategies actually (1) preserve, within the formal context of somethingbesides a traditional nuclear family, the emotional experience of thattradition, or (2) reinforce, within that same context, the validity ofclaims for actions, feelings, and behavior consistent with supposedlynontraditional myth. Just the Facts. Madsen describes the Latina matriarch as "a skilledmanipulator of her lord and master" (p. However, someattitudes and practices reflect deeply held convictions about men andwomen. But Hertz says that idea itself is a socially constructed myth(Hertz, 1986, pp. Mainstream-culture women in dual-careerhouseholds worry about having it all--but not men. An American woman who married a Saudi prince inthe 195 s cites her culture shock at not understanding "reasons" for herbeing obliged to keep her "face" and her "place" behind the veil: "I wasstaggered by all that would have to be done before the women themselvescould accept it" (Alireza, 1971, p. Such trends vary in intensity and emphasis, and howvariations manifest is the project to which this research now turns. Sakata (1991, p. L. Compadres(coparents) are sponsors who assume carefully defined roles . Islamic and Japanese. Gender role portrayal analysis of children's television programming in Japan. The term marianismoemerges out of the Catholic Latin tradition equating the Ideal Woman withthe Blessed Virgin Mary. The importance of family ties and an ethos of dignity, respect, andpersonal virtue cannot be overstated. within hisown home" (p. Introduction The idea of societies organized around agriculture associated withthe female principle out of societies characterized by hunter-gatherer foodcollection associated with male behavior, seems to have shaped the historyand perception of the civilizing functions around engendered biophysicalconfigurations (Rasmussen & Mellanby, 2 ). The plan ofthe research will be to set forth the reasons for which exploration ofculture-specific gender roles can yield information on the content andvalues of a culture and then compare and contrast the roles of women andmen in two sets of cultures: Hispanic and Anglo, and Japanese and Islamic. . As is the case with Hispanics, Muslimscomprise multiple subcultures, not a unitary culture. Thus do supposedlynontraditional cultural structures conceal unsatisfying truths with a longtradition. Human Relations, 44, 1273- 1299.Sakata-Minako. Fictional portrayals of sex-role behavior appear to be confirmed to some degree in fact. At the drop of a veil. In American industrial society, whichis dominantly Anglo-European, there are two sources of sex-roledevelopment: the family and the institutions of civil society. New York Times on the Web. Tallahassee, Fla.: Florida Alcohol & Drug Abuse Association Resource Center. Mothers have the role of socializingchildren to family norms, especially obedience to their father. . Lost in Sweden: A Kurdish daughter is sacrificed. (2 2, July 23). Indeed, across cultures, women's roles are a construction of thesociety, which is male dominated, male-constructed. Body Anglo-American and Hispanic. Arrangement between the sexes. Croutier (1989, p. 3). Alireza says that a divorcedwoman loses all rights to her children once they reach the age of seven (p.266). It remains for interpreters to be braveenough to be honest in their analysis. New York: Abbeville Press.Florida Alcohol & Drug Abuse Association. That was all he had todo, as a Moslem, to free himself" (p. 19). The strength of that model for Anglo-American culture can bediscerned when considered against the widespread perception that modernityhas transformed familiar, gender-specific traditions of popular imaginationso much that novel structures are being formed that mark a definite breakwith the past. Citing the importanceof family solidarity to the culture, Madsen (1973, pp. Islam holds women in particularly low esteem, considering them intellectually dull, spiritually vapid, valuable only to satisfy the passions of their masters and provide them male heirs. 48-9). 5 ) to the hard social reality that Mexican-American men mustbe subservient on the job or in society. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 16, 145-163.Lyall, S. Language & Communication, 11, 117-125. 2 ) cites Mohammed's "altruistic intentions whenhe sanctioned polygamy, seeing it as a solution to the pre-Islamic practiceof female infanticide, as well as a practical way to deal with the surplusfemale population." Husbands incurred a social obligation to "their" women,but some would say that dignity is not always available to Islamic wiveseven in the modern period. Retrieved from the World Wide Web 23 July 2 2, at http://www.nytimes.com/2 2/ 7/23/international/europe/23SWED.html?page wanted=print&position=bottom.Madsen, W. In short, the traditional job of the wife becomes a shared career"(Hertz, 1986, p. More equal than others: Woman and men in dual-career marriages. (1989). Male characters on Japanese children's TV areportrayed as strong, intelligent, and active in professional careers, whilefemales are relatively immature and weak. New York: Viking/Penguin.Croutier, A. But within that structure, mothers intercede, acting as the "bridge tothe father" (p. A comparativestudy of college-student attitudes in the U.S., Japan, and Slovenia showsthat Japanese students possess more traditional attitudes toward proper sexroles in society than American or European counterparts (Morinaga, Frieze,& Ferligoj, 1993). . 5). For Goffman(1977), the family consists of both adults and children, males and females.The family is a training space for the learning by boys and girls ofsocially acceptable adult roles as men and women. (1991). 114). Multigenerational cohesiveness offamily life, shaped by hierarchically determined values and priorities, isa significant attribute of Mexican-American society across social classesand irrespective of whether both parents have jobs. (1986). But variations in culture and interpretation should not preventthe accumulation of evidence. (1978). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannia.Rolandelli, D.R. (1973). That is, identical sex-rolestereotypical terms may mean one thing to whites and another to Asians, andwhat is oppression to one culture may be interpreted as protection byanother. Children are "angelitos," orinnocents "as yet uncontaminated by sin and error" (p. 53), but they mustabsorb cultural cues as life lessons. So strong was the Islamicmandate for sex-role stereotype that a Kurdish father living in Sweden feltentitled by Islamic law to kill his grown daughter for dating a European(Lyall, 2 2). Conclusion Some analysis of engendered roles in various cultures has criticizedthe methods of sociological research. (1992, June). 46-7) presentsexamples from families that demonstrate tension between individualdevelopment and hierarchical presumptions about family. Thus ahusband supports a wife's career while leaving to her the messy chores ofchild care ("quality time") and taking on lawn duties (a "man's job").Verbal valorization of women's work does not value it upward but reinforcestraditional gender-specific divisions of labor that perpetuate and rely onthe myth of gender roles. (1977, Fall). Sex differences areso effectively "encoded" that mothers teach male and female children to usemale and female particles, respectively, thus transmitting cues aboutfuture social behavior. .. . linked bytradition through interlocking obligations of mutual aid and respect"(Madsen, pp. Fatherlydisplays of affection to and playfulness with children are confined to thehome, the demands on men for public dignidad and machismo being so strong.Madsen cites several examples of children whose principal experience oftheir father is as dictator (p. Moreover, even where female Japanese students place ahigher value on career goals, those of male Japanese students toward femaleroles in society remain traditional. History of agriculture. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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