Geopolitics & Geoeconomics   Term Paper ID:27721 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Argues that the importance of geographical dispositions is decreasing in importance, while flows of money, power, & information is rising in importance.... More...

4 Pages / 900 Words 4 sources, 7 Citations, TURABIAN Format $16.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: Argues that the importance of geographical dispositions is decreasing in importance, while flows of money, power, & information is rising in importance. Paper Introduction: The concept of geopolitics is directly related to the ideas articulated by Halford Mackinder in his attempt to promote the field of geography as an aid to British diplomacy (Agnew, 1989). His concept of geopolitics was intended to show the impact of geographical factors such as the spatial disposition of the continents and oceans, and the distribution of natural and human resources. In the 1920s and 1930s, Mackinder's idea of a Eurasian "heartland" rising to global dominance was adopted by certain Nazi theorists to justify German expansionism. Boudeville (1966) has pointed out that the concept of geoeconomics followed the concept of geopolitics as articulated by Mackinder. Boudeville maintains that geoeconomics is a concept of economic space which includes such items as investment capital, transportation networks, industry, and agricultural techniques. Boude Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. The future internationalreality may no longer be one of states competing for power, but rather asystem of neo-feudal rivalries connected by different economic activities.The main question to be asked is whether such a system will tend towardchaos or some type of pluralistic stability. Itis also true that a "transnational" flow of goods, capital people, andideas has existed for centuries. 595-625. Are flows substituting for localities in the information economy? It appears that given these larger structural trends the reality ofplace, expressed in terms of a sociocultural context of spatial location isgradually being resituated within a type of hyper-reality of flow. BibliographyAgnew, J. Power today often flows moreplacelessly beneath, behind, between, and beyond boundaries set into space;taking place as new senses of artificial location become very fluid or moremobile, defined by shifting connections into the networks of informationcarrying these flows (Castlls, 1989). He believes that the geographer placesman in a so-called natural environment, while the economist places theenvironment into a toolbox of human activities. Geographical perspectives, pp. His concept ofgeopolitics was intended to show the impact of geographical factors such asthe spatial disposition of the continents and oceans, and the distributionof natural and human resources. Certainly, the presence of sovereign states is a realm of spatialconception that privileges a geopolitical reading of global politics.Defining borders, controlling airspace, and patrolling off-shore waters areall regarded as legitimate practices for defining a national territory. In the 192 s and 193 s, Mackinder's idea ofa Eurasian "heartland" rising to global dominance was adopted by certainNazi theorists to justify German expansionism. The information city: Information technology, economic restructuring, and the urban regional process. Is the same trend developing in relation to the spatial dimension of organizations? International capital flows, and the proliferationof off-shore financial centers and tax havens, have rendered firm ownershipincreasingly opaque to national tax and regulatory authorities.Furthermore, traditional forms of trade protectionism are easily bypassedand counterproductive. (1989). Post-informational politics may be proving highly explosive, as theflow implodes the geopolitics of nation-states. Therefore, from these emerging contradictions withina system of organizational centralization, and informationaldecentralization, the workings of global change are retransformed from theflows of power to the power of flows. It iscertainly true that the organizational logic of pre-informational societyis anchored to places; just as power draws boundaries around space, exertsmonetary, military, and managerial borders, and exercises a type ofmonopolistic sovereignty within these delimited expanses (Castells, 1989). In a world of financial deregulation, and the increasing impact ofinformation technology, property rights are more difficult for the state toestablish and maintain. In addition, currency exchange rates and interestrates are increasingly set in globalizing marketplaces, and governmentsattempt to manipulate them at their peril (Cerny, 1995). (142)It seems that more and more, nationality or geopolitical spatiality areincreasingly competing with transnationality and different types ofinformation flows. Economic space, therefore, becomes anapplication of economic variables to a geographical space. Thelatter is not displacing or destroying the former, but rather they arecoexisting together. Edinburgh: University Press.Castells, M. Problems of regional economic planning. To the extent that the discipline of geoeconomics is able conceptuallyand politically to replace some its historically limited concepts of spaceand place, it may become a field that offers important insights into theemerging international economic environment. Probably, the most important consequence of the globalization offinancial markets is their increasing structural dominance in widerpolitical and economic processes. Indeed, cross-border flows of money,knowledge, and influence are heavily eroding such notions as geopoliticalborders. This flow seems to exist as a configuration ofparticular images, symbols, and meanings about power, money, and valuewhich are channeled through transnational corporations, scientificcommunities, banks, and telecommunications networks. As Castells (1989) has stated: ...there is a shift, in fact, away from the centrality of the organizational unit to the network of information and decision. In a more open world, financial balancesand flows increasingly are dominant -- with the volume of financialtransactions variously estimated as totaling twenty to forty times thevalue of merchandise trade. Boudeville (1966) has pointed out that the concept of geoeconomicsfollowed the concept of geopolitics as articulated by Mackinder.Boudeville maintains that geoeconomics is a concept of economic space whichincludes such items as investment capital, transportation networks,industry, and agricultural techniques. Oxford: Blackwell.Cerny, P.G. The new center of power may be in the concept of flow, rather than inthe concept of place. In other words, flows, rather than organizations, become the units of work, decision, and output accounting. In Johnson, R.J. (1966). and Taylor, P.J. Thus, such a market symbolizes the structuralascendancy of almost purely non-specific assets over specific assets in theglobal economy, pushing and pulling other economic sectors and activitiesinto the global arena (Cerny, 1995). Globalization and the changing logic of collective action. For example, what are thepotential effects of global financial markets on the power of the nation-state? It seems to me that today's global marketplace, however, is veryunlike anything which existed earlier. The major concern of this essay is whether this conceptualization ofthe present discipline of geoeconomics helps one in developing a frameworkfor understanding international trade, relations, and public policy. However, this flow, at least until theearly 196 s, tended to move more slowly and more narrowly than the rush ofproducts, ideas, persons, and money that developed with jet transportation,electronic telecommunications, and extensive computerization after 196 . 266-288.Boudeville, J.R. International Organization, pp. The new geopolitics: The dynamics of geopolitical disorder. Boudeville sees economic andgeographical conceptions of space as being to some extent incontradistinction to one another. Thus, Boudeville seesgeographical space as a three-dimensional area confronted with a morecomplex and multi-dimensional one. (Eds.) A world in crisis? (1995 Autumn). Under the impact of information systems, are organizations not timeless, but also placeless? (1989). The concept of geopolitics is directly related to the ideasarticulated by Halford Mackinder in his attempt to promote the field ofgeography as an aid to British diplomacy (Agnew, 1989). If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

Many of our Papers can be Downloaded From This Site!

PLEASE READ THIS, IT IS IMPORTANT!

Office hours are Monday through Friday, from 9 am to 5 pm (PST). You may place orders for custom research over the phone during office hours. E-mail requests can be made to our graduate and undergraduate department any time, and will be reviewed during office hours. You may also contact customer service any time through e-mail, and we will review your message during business hours. A great many papers can be downloaded right from this site, but not all of them. If you would like to know if a particular paper is downloadable, just look in the description for: "Available for Internet Download: Y" or "Available for Internet Download: N" If you wish to purchase a paper which is NOT available for immediate download, you will need to make other shipping arrangements. Also, please be aware that these orders are processed Monday through Friday from 9 am to 5 pm (PST). If you place your order after 4:45pm on Friday, it will not be processed until the following Monday morning. We charge $8 per page for all of our pre-written reports, plus shipping (and tax for California residents). However, the highest cost of any ONE report is $136, or 17 pages. Please, take a moment. Make sure you have chosen the report you want or need BEFORE you complete your order. If you are not sure, allow us to help you. We do not offer refunds or exchanges, so it is important for you to let us answer your questions during office hours. Reports which are e-mailed or downloaded are in Microsoft Word format. We are making more reports available for e-mail delivery faster than we can update our listings. Please call to check on the status of particular reports. There are many other shipping options which are listed on the Checkout page.