Franco-Spanish Relations in the 20th Century   Term Paper ID:27591 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Overview of relations between Spain & France since the rise of Francisco Franco in 1936 through the current regime of Juan Carlos.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Overview of relations between Spain & France since the rise of Francisco Franco in 1936 through the current regime of Juan Carlos. Paper Introduction: Relations between different national states are affected by both internal and external forces. In the European Community, the participating states have been bound together by agreements offering mutual economic benefits, but this does not mean there are no longer any problems or tensions between individual states. Spain was long a particular problem in Europe because of the dictatorship that ruled it, but since the end of that rule, Spain has tried to interact with the international community to a greater degree. Relations between Spain and France serve as an example. Spain was formerly under a system of personal rule established in 1936. The monarchy was reestablished in 1975. This followed the death of Francisco Franco, the ruler since 1936. He had run a rigidly centralized, unitary state, but the 1978 Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. New York: The H.W. TheSpanish police returned him with planted evidence implicating an offshootof ETA, and while the story only became known recently, it points to theway the Spanish viewed some in southern France where ETA activists returnedfor sanctuary. There are some 5 , Basque speakers among the 25 , people who live in the three Basqueprovinces in France, while the Spanish region has some 75 , Basques outof 2 million residents. Works CitedBurns, Christopher. Reform was instituted. "Spain's State Terrorism." Freedom Review (March 1, 1996), 47.Lawday, David, "Spain discovers another new world," U.S. Right-wing death squads in Spain, known asAntiterrorist Liberation Groups (GAL), developed soon after Gonzalez cameto power in 1982 and made forays into France after supposed terrorists.The GAL vanished once the French began to cooperate seriously with Spanishofficials in weeding out ETA members. The Gonzalez government came to power in 1982, and from the first apoint of contention between France and Spain was to be found in the Basqueseparatist movement. The EUis the primary link between Spain and France today, with concern over theBasque movement being another tie. There had been little political involvement by the citizensprior to this change, but now parties revived and grew, forming coalitions. Countries of the World. In the European Community, the participatingstates have been bound together by agreements offering mutual economicbenefits, but this does not mean there are no longer any problems ortensions between individual states. "Spain." Background Notes on Countries of the World (November 1, 1995), 1.McClellan, Grant S. In the economic sphere, Spainhad a tradition on which it could build, and a market economy of sorts hadbeen allowed since the 196 s (Lawday, 1992, 54-55). The Modern Spanish Economy. The movement in Spain turned to terrorism through theorganization known as ETA. "French Basques Hope Peace, EU Will Lead to Autonomy." Los Angeles Times (January 22, 1995), A-2.Embassy of Spain. Foreign policy in Spain has been developed under the two governmentsof Felipe Gonzalez by Fernando Moran and Francisco Fernandez Ordonez, andforeign policy has been based on the principles of respect forinternational law, the search for peace, disarmament and deterrence, andthe move toward a new international order based on justice, the defense ofhuman rights, cooperation, and international solidarity (Embassy of Spain,1991). Between 199 and 1992, Frenchauthorities arrested three members of the ETA leadership and tipped offSpanish police to the location of an ETA unit allegedly plotting toassassinate King Juan Carlos in Mallorca (Valls-Russell, 1995, 7). Yet, it isbelieved that the French Basques will have even more trouble than theSpanish Basques because France is the most centralized country in Europe,with considerable fear of any degree of local power. The Socialist government hadrefused to do so out of concern that there might be ETA reprisals. Spain was formerly under a system of personal rule established in1936. Salisbury finds to date that Spanish economic andsecurity parameters have not changed significantly in thirty years(Salisbury, 1985, 2 3-2 5). In less than two decades the country has achieved democracy andeconomic integration, and much of the credit is given to King Juan Carlos.He first sought a consensus, meaning that politicians, businessmen, laborleaders, and generals agreed not to seek revenge for the past but rather tolook to the future. In fact, hewas a French citizen of Spanish origin and a furniture salesman. Salisbury seems to see a danger for Spain in trying toally with the EC while maintaining flexibility to view the world from adifferent perspective. In order to accomplish theprimary goals of containing inflation and restraining demand, thegovernment has utilized a tight monetary policy, associated with reducingthe public-sector deficit, moderating salary increases and achievinggreater productivity (Salmon, 1991, 1 -12). When the French Interior Ministryconfirmed that it had expelled six Basques recently, a riot ensued assupporters attacked police and demanded that the Basques should be allowedto stay (Follain, 1996). Spain was long a particular problem inEurope because of the dictatorship that ruled it, but since the end of thatrule, Spain has tried to interact with the international community to agreater degree. "Basque Supporters Clash with French Riot Police." Reuters (June 8, 1996).Korn, David. There was an economic crisis in the early198 s that was followed by rapid growth in the late 198 s, during whichtime the Spanish economy became the most dynamic in Europe, with growthdriven by domestic demand. France and Spain developed close relations when both countries wereruled by Socialist governments. Indeed, Spanish Prime Minister FelipeGonzalez was aided in his rise to leader of the Socialist Workers Party byFrench President François Mitterand. Franco-Spanish bilateral cooperation has been enhanced by jointaction taken against Basque terrorists (LaFemina, 1995, 1). The French Basques have expressed thehope that they can turn to the EU as a way of gaining ground. Basques on both sides of the border believe thatthe two Basque regions should have closer ties than they do now, and suchties might create more problems for both Spain and France (Burns, 1995,A2). "Terror and Politics in Spain." New Leader (September 11, 1995), 7. New York: Praeger Press, 1985, 2 2-217.Salmon, Keith G. It is less wealthythan its Community partners, with GDP per head greater only than that ofIreland, Greece, and Portugal. He had run a rigidly centralized,unitary state, but the 1978 Constitution recognized and guaranteed theright of autonomy to nationalities and regions within the state. Prevost (eds.) Politics and Change in Spain. Rapidly risingconsumer credit as well contains the seeds of a private-debt crisis.Further structural change has characterized economic development, leavingan economy dominated by the service sector. The monarchy was reestablished in 1975. News & World Report (April 27, 1992), pp. Spain has historically had to face the classic security dilemmaof a small power, the need in the long run to bolster the power of theweaker states in the system, a policy that is at variance with theimmediate requirement of providing additional power to the alliancepotential of a large power ally. Relations between different national states are affected by bothinternal and external forces. The Spanish were angry that the French would not cooperatein stopping these terrorists from crossing the border to bomb, assassinate,and kidnap in Spain. Because of Spain's geographical position,the nation finds itself drawn diplomatically in several directions at once,and Spanish leaders have found it difficult to reconcile these conflictingpressures. In 1995, both men left office at thesame time, Gonzalez under pressure because of a series of scandals at home,and Mitterand by retirement (Ober, 1995). New York: Pinter Publishers, 1991.Valls-Russell, Janice. 54-55.LaFemina, Lorraine. Spain has done well at managing its foreign relations with neighborsFrance and Portugal, and the accession of Spain and Portugal to theEuropean Union helped ease some of the trade frictions among thesecountries. Salisbury (1985) shows how the traditional animosities between Spainand its neighbors have for the most part been reduced with the change fromthe autocratic rule of General Franco to a democratic form of government.As a result of this shift, Spanish political leaders are engaged in aregular dialogue with their counterparts in other European nations. There are French Basques just as there are Spanish Basques, and Franceand Spain are now facing much the same situation as French Basques areagitating for self-rule as well. Washington, D.C., 1991.Follain, John. In 1983, Spanish authorities ventured intoFrance and kidnapped a man they thought was a member of ETA. This followed the death ofFrancisco Franco, the ruler since 1936. Thepolitical leaders still have to face foreign policy issues that haveplagued the nation for decades. "Spain's Foreign Policy," In T.D. Wilson Company, 1978.Ober, Tracey. Membership in theEC allied Spain with the other nations of Europe and deemphasized therelationship with the United States, at least until the Gulf War shiftedpolicies once more. Relations between Spain and France are developing as Spain learns moreabout how to interact with other countries in the post-Franco era. This did not occur without protest. It was after the economic liberalization decrees of 1959 that aconsensus was reached to try to attach Spain to the European integrationmovement. More rapid growth in other OECD countries hasresulted in symptoms of overheating, notably inflation and grave balance-of-payments problems, and Spain must be careful of this. Interestingly, it was the conservative governmentunder Jacques Chirac, after Mitterand's retirement, that cracked down onthe Basque terrorists (Korn, 1996, 47-49). In the 1982 elections, the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party was able toform the first majority one-party government since the Spanish Civil War.Spain stands as an example to other nations trying to make the difficulttransition from dictatorship to democracy. At the beginning of the 199 s, the Spanish economy could be seen as ofmedium size in relation to those of other EC countries. Inaddition, some French Socialists viewed the ETA members as "freedomfighters" (Valls-Russell, 1995, 7). "Two Embattled Leaders Meet at Spain-France Summit." Reuters (October 8, 1995).Salisbury, William T. Relations between Spain and France serve as an example. Spain has tried to solve this problemwith a series of variations on the theme of neutralism. (editor) Spain and Portugal: Democratic Beginnings. UponFranco's death, King Juan Carlos engineered the transition to democracythat transformed the dictatorial regime into a pluralistic, parliamentarydemocracy. Lancaster & G. 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