LONDON SUBWAY.   Term Paper ID:26957 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: History & evolution of London system from 19th Cent. to 1990ss.... More...

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Paper Abstract: History & evolution of London system from 19th Cent. to 1990ss. Paper Introduction: The world's oldest subway is not in New York or Paris but in London. The subway followed the development of the above-ground railway system in England and then went underground for a rapid transit system for the city long before the term "rapid transit" had been devised. Historians disagree about when the first true railway was opened, but most believe it to have been the Liverpool and Manchester, opened in 1830, and linking one of Britain's largest ports with the nation's largest textile manufacturing center (Tames 78). The Surrey Iron Railway came in 1803 and the Stockton and Arlington in 1825 are also candidates, but the Liverpool and Manchester was the first to carry both passengers and freight solely by use of steam power. By 1850, there was a national railway network covering more than 6,000 miles and Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. In March 1998, the government publishedproposals to set up a Greater London Authority (GLA) consisting of anelected Mayor of London and a London Assembly which will take overresponsibility for strategic and transport planning for London. The Waterloo & City Railway was also constructed underthe Thames River and was opened in 1898. From 193 -1938, express lines to the coast wereelectrified, encouraging long-distance commuting. The world's first underground railway was opened by the MetropolitanRailway Company on 1 th January 1863, with cars pulled by steam engine.The initial section of line was almost four miles long and ran betweenPaddington (Bishop's Road) and Farringdon Street. The Surrey Iron Railway came in18 3 and the Stockton and Arlington in 1825 are also candidates, but theLiverpool and Manchester was the first to carry both passengers and freightsolely by use of steam power. By1939, the tube system extended to Uxbridge on the west, to Stanmore andEdgware on the north, and to Mordon on the south. South of the river, thesuburban services of the main-line railways were increasingly electrifiedfrom 19 9, while most of those on the Southern Railway were electrifiedbetween 1925 and 193 . The system today is under the authority of the London RegionalTransport (LRT), created the 29th of June, 1984, when the London RegionalTransport Act of 1984 transferred political and financial control of whatwas generally known as London Transport (LT) from the Greater LondonCouncil (GLC) back to central government (which had last been directlyresponsible for LT in 1969). It was known as the "Twopenny Tube" and ran fromShepherd's Bush to the Bank. This venturewas no more successful in its original form than the Thames Tunnel, for italso was converted for pedestrian use after just a few months and closedwhen Tower Bridge opened in 1894 ("London's Underground - A BriefHistory").This first line was extended over time until it formed an inner circle, andthe system was electrified in 19 5 (Hutchings 97). These early lines were built by the"cut and cover" method. The first of these was the Baker Street & WaterlooRailway (soon abbreviated to "Bakerloo"); it opened in 19 6. Since much of London is built on clay, andsince clay is easy to excavate and tunnel through, work was completelyrelatively soon on the next significant step in the development of London'sUnderground railways--the twin-tunnel City and South London Railway, whichran for 5.2 km (3.25 miles) from King William Street in the City under theRiver Thames to Stockwell. The world's oldest subway is not in New York or Paris but in London.The subway followed the development of the above-ground railway system inEngland and then went underground for a rapid transit system for the citylong before the term "rapid transit" had been devised. This meant digging a deep trench for the railwayand then covering it over. The third was theCharing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway, opened in 19 7 and now part ofthe Northern Line ("London's Underground - A Brief History"). By the end of the 19th century, theMetropolitan Railway was extended out across Middlesex and throughHertfordshire into Buckinghamshire to Aylesbury and beyond. It actually predates the Metropolitan Railway bytwenty years. The oldestsection of the Underground is the Thames Tunnel, built by Sir Marc Bruneland his son, Isambard. This and similar lines built since have since always been knownas tube railways. It was originally designed for horse-drawn traffic, but it opened in 1843 for pedestrians only. LondonTransport thereafter is to have its functions passing to Transport forLondon (TfL), a new executive body under the control of the GLA, which willbe responsible for implementing an integrated transport strategy forLondon, and for bus, Underground, Docklands Light Railway, and riverbusservices all together ("An Introduction to London Transport"). Two years later, the CentralLondon Railway opened. The act of tunneling under the Thames required a differentengineering approach from the cut-and-cover method. Its popular name derived from its flat fareof 2d (just under 1p). By the end of 1868, a second company, the Metropolitan DistrictRailway Company, had a line between Westminster and South Kensington, onethat linked up with extensions to the Metropolitan Railway. It became arailway tunnel in 1869, and in 187 another railway under the Thames openedwith a cable-hauled line between the Tower and Bermondsey. The tunnel carries the East London Line under the Thamesbetween Wapping and Rotherhithe. This was intended to be a cable-hauled railway,but when it opened in 189 , it was the world's first deep-level electricrailway. The early tubes were almost all within the built-up area of the city,but between 1924 and 1939, they were extended aboveground into the opencountry. Building this part ofthe system involved deep-level excavation at the foot of vertical shaftsand was similar to coal mining. works Cited"An Introduction to London Transport." London Transport, 1999: http://www.londontransport.co.uk/lt/fact_ 1.htm."London's Underground - A Brief History." London Transport, June 1999: http://www.londontransport.co.uk/underground/ t_fact 1.htm. This encouraged suburban expansion on an enormous scale. It provided a rail linkfrom the Great Western Railway's terminus at Paddington to the City ofLondon. By 185 , there was a national railwaynetwork covering more than 6, miles and joining together all the majorcities and ports. The CircleLine of today was complete by 1884. Next came theGreat Northern, Piccadilly & Brompton Railway, which was also opened in19 6 and which is now part of the Piccadilly Line. Historians disagree about when the first true railway was opened, butmost believe it to have been the Liverpool and Manchester, opened in 183 ,and linking one of Britain's largest ports with the nation's largesttextile manufacturing center (Tames 78). The earlytrains contributed to the development of the region: From the 186 s certain lines were compelled to run cheap workmen's trains at very low fares; this brought about the development of workers' suburbs in Tottenham and Walthamshaw by 19 (Davies 66).Restrictions were placed on the course the new railways could take, andthis would lead to the development of underground railways when Parliamentrefused to allow the main lines to enter Central London and insteadstipulated "that the termini should be connected by underground lines"(Hutchings 97). London's first railway was the London and Greenwich. Early in this century, three American-financedtubes were built. 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