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Essay Subject: Assesses policies using U.S. armed forces in peacekeeping, peacemaking & humanitarian operations. Theories, concepts, examples, recommendations.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Assesses policies using U.S. armed forces in peacekeeping, peacemaking & humanitarian operations. Theories, concepts, examples, recommendations. Paper Introduction: SECTION I INTRODUCTION The end of the Cold War ushered in a new strategic era for the United States. As a consequence, the roles and missions of the United States armed forces have been revised, or at least, are in a transition period where new roles and missions are being assessed (9:1). One of the most controversial of the roles and missions being considered and, in some instances, implemented for the United States armed forces in this transition period is the conduct of Military Operations Other Than War, or MOOTW (4:1). MOOTW is not a new concept for United States armed forces, as the Berlin Airlift in the 1948-1949 period will attest (4:1). The framework of MOOTW in the contemporary period, however, includes such activities as peacekeeping, peacemaking, a Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Mendel, US Army, Ret., and J. Stillion. Peacekeeping is a major activity of the United Nations wherein armedforces from cooperating countries are stationed in a trouble-spot to keeptwo warring factions apart. To assure that viable options to the use ofUnited States armed forces in MOOTW efforts are available in the future, itis recommended further that the United States support and actively pursuethe creation of permanent peacekeeping and peacemaking forces under thecontrol of the United Nations. Humanitarian activities constitute the broadestclassification of the MOOTW concept. Fastabend, D., Col. Correll, J. Ethnic Albanians in Kosovo protested,and 3 of their leaders were jailed. Even the pretense of United Nations auspices was dropped for theKosovo effort. National Strategy and Its Application in Bosnia."U.S. S., Secretary of Defense. Kosovo was an autonomous province attached to Yugoslavia's SerbianRepublic prior to the disintegration of Yugoslavia. N. A New National Security Strategy for ANew Century. The peacemaking air campaign in Kosovo worsened the human rights ofthe Kosovo Albanians in the short-term. This contention impliesthat, on the ground, a peacekeeping effort may in fact be a small war.Further, such an operation can only be successful where the peacekeeperspossess arms superiority to the combatants in the area (5:22). The peacekeepingoperation in Bosnia did have the effect of improving the human rights ofthe Muslim population in that country (1 :21). During this 5 -yearperiod, international relations was dominated by relations between the twosuperpowers-the Soviet Union and the United States. Turner, Maj. While neither of these men is a person to be admired, likewiseneither is in the league with Adolph Hitler. Cohen, W. With respect to the Kosovo peacemaking operation, Operation AlliedForce, the stated goal of the operation was to stop Serbian attacks on theKosovo Albanians. There is no assurance, however, thatthe toll in human costs will not increase in future MOOTW efforts (3: 7). Co. W. Justifying the legitimacy of MOOTW efforts to the general public in theUnited States largely depends on how may pictures of refugees can be shownon the evening television news shows and how successful the politicaladministration is in likening a foreign target to Adolph Hitler. As it happened, the Bosnian peacekeeping effort did not preclude aneruption of ethnic-based conflict in Kosovo. 75-87. FormerPresident George Bush painted Saddam Hussein as the reincarnation ofHitler, while President Clinton portrayed as Serbia's Milosevik as a latterday Hitler. If one acceptsthe counter argument that any general widening of a war in the Balkans isunlikely, however, the National Strategy for Engagement and Enlargementappears to be a flowed policy at best. TheMOOTW concept, from this perspective, could include anything from guerillawarfare to various forms of limited engagements that fell short of totalwar. Three MOOTW operations that have been or are being conducted by theUnited States armed forces may be used as illustrations of MOOTW-orientedresponsibilities assigned to the armed forces by the civilian leadership ofthe United States. 6. Knight, "Defense Sufficiency and Cooperation: AUS Military Posture for the post-Cold War Era: Summary," Project on DefenseAlternatives. One of the mostcontroversial of the roles and missions being considered and, in someinstances, implemented for the United States armed forces in thistransition period is the conduct of Military Operations Other Than War, orMOOTW (4:1). The latterscenario certainly describes the contemporary situation (3:5). Orletsky, A. On 28 March 1989, the Serbian Republic actedunilaterally to reintegrate Kosovo. (12:3-4). The end of Operation Allied Force in Kosovo, as it turned out, was notthe end of the use of United States armed forces in Kosovo. There appears to beno exit plan for the United States armed forces committed to thepeacekeeping effort in Kosovo. There currently is no end in sight for theparticipation of United States ground forces as peacekeepers in Kosovo. Further,cost-benefit analyses of such operations tend to be colored by theorientation of the analyst. Shultsky, and J. Santa Monica,California: Rand Corporation, 1997.http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR842.pdf 14. While the United Nations Security Council authorized theaction taken against Iraq in the 1991 Gulf War to restore the politicalindependence of Kuwait and to protect the independence of other nations inthe Middle East, it also is true that the United States was the prime moverin the United Nations Security Council to obtain such authorization.Similarly, the ongoing effort in Northern Iraq to protect the Iraqi Kurdsthrough enforcement of the "no fly" zones and the provision of resourceassistance to the Kurdish population in Northern Iraq, while approved bythe United Nations, is, essentially a United States operation that is beingconducted in the promotion of United States policy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Commonwealth Institute, 1998.http://www.comw. Within the context of this line of reasoning, the Bosnianpeacekeeping effort was viewed by the Clinton Administration as a positiveaction to protect the national security of the United States (13:57). Those policies, however, do not appearto have served any vital national interests of the United States. The five issues analyzed in this section are (1) the impact ofMOOTW efforts on United States national security, (2) the role ofinternational organizations on United States armed forces participation inMOOTW efforts, (3) the impact on human rights of United States armed forcesparticipation in MOOTW efforts, (4) the impact on regional stability ofUnited States armed forces participation in MOOTW efforts, and (5) theparticipation of United States armed forces in MOOTW efforts in relation tounilateral versus the coalition use of United States armed forces. Yugoslavia existed as aunified nation for the better part of four decades without engulfing therest of Europe in a war and without drawing the United States into a war.Had Serbia been allowed to maintain a Yugoslavia that included both Bosniaand Kosovo, albeit against the will of most of the residents of thoseareas, there appears to be only a minimal probability that a wider Europeanwar would have ensued or that the United States would have been drawn intoa Balkans war unless that was a desire on the part of the United States.In fact, the United States did become involved in a Balkans war in 1999 inpursuit of United States policies. The present peacekeepingeffort in Kosovo is a good illustration of this point. One of the mostcontroversial of the roles and missions being considered and, in someinstances, implemented for the United States armed forces in thistransition period is the conduct of Military Operations Other Than War.MOOTW is not a new concept for United States armed forces, as the BerlinAirlift in the 1948-1949 period will attest. We cannot act anywhere at any level withoutconstraining to some degree our ability to act elsewhere" (3:12). Among the new scenarios offered are (1) amultipolar character, in which either (a) the United States will be but oneof several major players, (b) the United States, Japan, and the reunitedGermany will be the major players, with a considerably less significantrole for Russia, or (c) the United States, a unified European Community,China, and Russia will be the major players, and (2) a unipolar characterin which the United States is the dominant world power. Further, the tasks required ofUnited States armed forces through the conduct of peacekeeping,peacemaking, and humanitarian operations are sufficiently alien to thetasks involved in the primary functions of the armed forces that littlereadiness benefits are derived from participation in MOOTW efforts. As the United States marines remained foryears in Caribbean nations in the first-half of the 2 th century and as theUnited States Army enters is in its 51st year on South Korea, in what is inreality a peacekeeping effort, the United States armed forces could easilyremain in Kosovo for a decade or longer. There also exists a risk that the involvement of the United States inany peacekeeping or peacemaking effort may in fact widen the conflict asopposed to reducing the violence. This position is developed and justified through a presentation ofbackground information on the topic, a discussion of the issues involved,and evaluation of policies, and a statement of conclusions. The air campaign was successful in this effort; however,it proved to be a costly (economic) effort for the United States (2:41). W. This contention, however, is not the issue withrespect to military readiness. The thought was that an outbreak of conflict in Kosovocould engulf all of Europe and eventually the United States in a massiveconflict. One cannot state with any degree ofconfidence, however, that the human costs of such operations in the futurealso will be light. Hughes, Lt. One can alsostate in confidence that the human costs of the policies leading to suchdeployments have been light. Nevertheless, the portrayalsappear to play well with the general public in the United States, andfuture targets of United States foreign policy may expect the President ofthe day to tar them with the Hitler brush as a means of building supportfor a latter day MOOTW effort, should the policies providing for such useof United States armed forces remain in force in the future. As a consequence, the roles and missions of the United Statesarmed forces have been revised, or at least, are in a transition periodwhere new roles and missions are being assessed. United Statesground forces entered Kosovo as peacekeepers with the end of the successfulpeacemaking air campaign. K. SECTION II BACKGROUND The end of the Cold War also marked an end to the bipolar character ofinternational relations that existed for 5 years. Forces: Many Roles in the 21st Century." FortLeavenworth, Kansas: Foreign Military Studies Office, 1996.http://call.army.mil/call/fmso/fmsopubs/issues/ newroles/ newroles.htm 1 . Over the medium-term, however, asthe Kosovo Albanians have been able to return to the province, the state oftheir human rights has improved. The United Nations also authorized the Bosnian peacekeeping operation. Again, however, the Bosnian peacekeeping operation, as well as thenegotiations leading up to that operation, was and continues to be anoperation that was pursued as a part of United States policy, a part ofwhich was to gain United Nations authorization for the operation. Within the context of national security, one motivation for theBosnian peacekeeping operation was that keeping peace in Bosnia was thebest way to prevent the spread of unrest to other areas of the Balkans,especially Kosovo. Following the end of the war, "no fly" zones were established toprotect both the Kurdish population of Iraq and to provide buffer zonesbetween Iraq and its neighbors. It would be, however, premature and unwise toassume that regional stability would reign in the Balkans should thepeacekeeping forces leave Bosnia and Kosovo. The peacekeeping operation in Bosnia provides a strong illustration ofthe use of United States armed forces for such MOOTW purposes. Gen. Certainly, humanitarian activities are beyond the scope of traditionalroles and missions for United States armed forces. This paper assessed the policies providing for the use of UnitedStates armed forces in peacekeeping, peacemaking, and humanitarianoperations. The position of this writer is that the use of United Statesarmed forces in such roles should be a last resort, as opposed to a firstchoice. While the human rights of Muslims in Bosnia have improved asa consequence of the peacekeeping effort in that country, no effort wasever made to redress the effects of the ethnic cleansing of the Serbpopulation that occurred in both Croatia and in the Croatian and Muslimsectors of Bosnia. "Assessing the Prospects of Military OperationsOther Than War." Maxwell, Air Force Base: Air Command and Staff College,Air University, April 1998. Recommendations The most important recommendation stemming from the conclusions drawnfrom the research performed for this paper is that policies should bedeveloped and implemented that restrict the use of United States armedforces to deployments in conjunction with their primary missions unless allother options have failed. While thereare other peacekeeping operations in which United States armed forces havebeen committed, including the current operation in Kosovo, peacekeepingoperations tend to be performed by the armed forces of countries such asCanada to a greater extent than is true of those of the United States. MacIver. One can state without fear of contradiction that the economic costs ofthe deployment of United States armed forces in peacekeeping, peacemaking,and humanitarian operations have been enormous and that the economic costsof future operations of this sort also will be enormous. Humanitarian activities may rangefrom supplying food and medical services to a population to the provisionsof temporary shelter or even to the interdiction of the trade in narcotics. "Superpower" was aspecial sub-set of the "great power" designation that reflected themilitary and political dominance of the two nations (3:4). Thecoalitions involved in the use of United States forces in such operationsare dominated by the United States to the extent that such coalitions are,in effect, an extension of United States policy. Similarly, in promoting the human rights of the Kurdsin Northern Iraq, the United States MOOTW effort has and continues tocompromise the human rights of other Iraqis. The framework of MOOTW in thecontemporary period, however, includes such activities as peacekeeping,peacemaking, and humanitarian operations that, in the view of someanalysts, detract from the primary roles and missions of the United Statesarmed forces. Gray-Briggs, A., Dr., and Lt. Further, there always exists the riskthat the United States may find exit from any intervention much moredifficult than the entry into such an operation. The air campaign was successful in this effort; however,it proved to be a costly (economic) effort for the United States. Theframework of MOOTW in the contemporary period, however, includes suchactivities as peacekeeping, peacemaking, and humanitarian operations that,in the view of some analysts, detract from the primary roles and missionsof the United States armed forces (7:2). Risks Conetta and Knight observed that the United States "needs to act witha clear sense of priorities because any use of military power involvesopportunity costs and risks. Washington: U.S. http://www.afa.org/magazine/editorial/ 7edit96.html 5. The MOOTW concept, as it has evolved in the decade of the 199 s,however, has become virtually codified and includes some of the earlierperceptions of non traditional military conflict, as well as someactivities that were not necessarily so viewed prior to 199 (12:2-3). Washington: National Security Council, 1997.http://www.whitehouse.gov/WH/EOP/NSC/Strategy/ 11. 79, No.7, July 1996. SECTION V CONCLUSIONS The end of the Cold War ushered in a new strategic era for the UnitedStates. With respect to the Kosovo peacemaking operation, Operation AlliedForce, the stated goal of the operation was to stop Serbian attacks on theKosovo Albanians. It remains difficult, however, topredict with any degree of accuracy who the major players in the developingmultipolar or unipolar environment will and will not be, and which, if any,of these players will be first among equals, although as the only currentsuperpower, the United States frequently behaves as if it is the firstamong equals. The objective assessment of costs and benefitsfrequently revolves around the subjective valuations of cost and benefitfactors by the analyst. As a consequence, the roles and missions of the United Statesarmed forces have been revised, or at least, are in a transition periodwhere new roles and missions are being assessed (9:1). Moslems, Croats, and Serbs were atone another's throats, and it appeared that that had been biding their timefor four decades or more to be able to engage in such activity. "U.S. Within the zones where Iraqi Kurds live,resources are provided by the United States to keep alive the Kurdishresistance to Saddam Hussein's government and to ensure some degree ofphysical safety and personal comfort to the Kurds. Additionally, it is recommended that theUnited States government enact a law that guarantees that the United Stateswill provide appropriate funding support for these forces without invokingany extraneous political agendas to block the provision of such funds. The end of Operation Allied Force in Kosovo, as it turned out, was notthe end of the use of United States armed forces in Kosovo. "Bombs Then Bandages:Preparing the War Fighter for the Sojourn to Peacekeeping." Air ChroniclesHome Page, 1999. J. In 1988, Yugoslavia'scollective presidency granted special powers to the federal police unit inKosovo Province on the ground that security in the province haddeteriorated seriously. org/pda/opdfin.html 4. Tucker reportedthat: "After several years of extensive MOOTW operations, from the no-flyzones over Iraq, to Bosnia, and humanitarian assistance in many other partsof the world, the impact is now being felt and reported in mainstream,popular news outlets" (12:28). M. That statement, however, speaks more to the outcome on the groundin Bosnia than it does to the impact of the operation on the nationalsecurity of the United States. Over the ensuing years of the 199 s,tensions between Serbs and Kosovo Albanians escalated. Vick, A., D. Annual Report to the Presidentand the Congress. M. National Interests The Clinton Administration, in defending the National Strategy ofEngagement and Enlargement policy, not surprisingly contends that nationalinterests can be served through the deployment of united States armedforces in MOOTW efforts {8:6; 1 :14). diplomatic leadership was married to appropriate military power"(1:4). While morale is lowwithin the Russian military establishment and funding is short, it remainsa force that cannot be ignored (3:7). html 8. SECTION I INTRODUCTION The end of the Cold War ushered in a new strategic era for the UnitedStates. Until the recent past, the MOOTW concept, regardless of what name mayhave been applied to the concept, most generally referred to the use ofarmed forces in situations that were considered to be a departure fromtraditional warfare, which tended to be viewed as a well-structuredconflict between traditionally organized and deployed military forces. W.Kipp. W. T. The role of international organizations in MOOTW efforts involvingUnited States armed forces has been almost entirely as a bit player. Mendell. TheUnited States wrote the script for these operations, produced theoperations, directed the operations, and played the star roles in theseoperations. Conetta, C., and C. Thepeacemaking operation conducted as an air campaign primarily by the UnitedStates but with some British participation is both a strong an quite recentillustration of this use of United States armed forces in a MOOTW effort.The ongoing humanitarian effort in Northern Iraq provides a vehicle for theassessment of such efforts by the United States armed forces. The evaluation criteria are (1)national interests, (2) costs, (3) risks, (4) military readiness, and (5)public support in the United States. A second conclusion is that the policy isflawed with respect to the use of United States armed forces in MOOTWefforts because military readiness for the performance of the primarymissions of the armed forces is compromised as a consequence ofparticipation in MOOTW efforts. This paper assesses the policies providing for the use of UnitedStates armed forces in peacekeeping, peacemaking, and humanitarianoperations. One conclusion drawn from the findings reported in this paper is thatthe National Strategy for Engagement and Enlargement is flawed from aforeign policy perspective. D., G-5, 38th Infantry Division (Mechanized)."The Development of U. These operations are (1) the peacekeeping mission inBosnia, (2) the peacemaking mission in Kosovo that was conducted as an aircampaign, and which now has been transformed into a peacekeeping andhumanitarian mission in that province of Serbia that is being performed byground forces, and (3) the humanitarian mission in Northern Iraq whereinphysical and financial resources are employed to support the Kurdishminority in that country (13:277; 14:5). The events that occurred in Bosnia prior to the implementation of theDayton Accord seemed to confirm fears that the veneer of ideology thatcharacterized the Cold War years was only a mask hiding deeper religiousidentities, ambitions and prejudices. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. MOOTW is not a new concept for United States armed forces, asthe Berlin Airlift in the 1948-1949 period will attest (4:1). Public Support in the United States Public support in the United States for the use of United States inMOOTW efforts can, according to Dorff, be sustained so long as thepolitical administration can justify the legitimacy of the operation (5:6). The impact of the Bosnianpeacekeeping operation on the national interests of the United States, inactuality, however, appears to be remote at best. 13. Army War College, 1996.http://members/iquest.net/~stauffer/cw/bosnia.htm The economic costs involved in the conductof peacekeeping, peacemaking, and humanitarian operations deprive themilitary forces from the ability to apply such finds to the modernizationand readiness training of the forces. The Impact on Human Rights of United States Armed Forces Participation in MOOTW Efforts Human rights, to a great extent, have benefited from the conduct ofMOOTW operations involving United States armed forces. United Statesground forces entered Kosovo as peacekeepers with the end of the successfulpeacemaking air campaign. The policy, planning, implementation, and execution of thesuccessful peacemaking air campaign and the ongoing peacemaking operationon the ground in Kosovo were pursued through the North Atlantic TreatyOrganization (NATO), an international organization that has been dominatedby the United States since its inception. "The Murky Edges of Mootwah." Air Force, Vol. Ifone accepts the Administration contention than an ongoing conflict inKosovo would eventually embroil the United States in a much largerconflict, then one could fairly state that the national security of theUnited States has been enhanced by the peacemaking operation in Kosovo andis being enhanced by the peacekeeping operation in Kosovo. H., Dr. "Democratization and Failed States: The Challengeof Ungovernability." Parameters, Summer 1996, pp. The end of the bipolar character of international relations is leadingto what former American President George Bush referred to as the "new worldorder." Thus far, however, no one seems to be able to project with anydegree of accuracy just what the character of this "new world order" willbe over the long-term. Peacekeeping andpeacemaking operations, however, also fall outside the primary mission ofwarfare in the pursuit of national objectives that traditionally has beenassigned to United States armed forces (11:7). Preparingthe U.S. In spite of the difficulties being experienced by thenational government in Russia, a great leap of faith is required to assumethat a major international political role will be denied to a country withan armed force as formidable as is that of Russia. National Security Council. Ifone accepts the Administration contention than an ongoing conflict inKosovo would eventually embroil the United States in a much largerconflict, then one could fairly state that the national security of theUnited States has been enhanced by the peacemaking operation in Kosovo andis being enhanced by the peacekeeping operation in Kosovo. W. The approach to the MOOTWconcept has led to a definition of the concept that includes primarilypeacekeeping, peacemaking, and humanitarian activities. T. Department of Defense, 1999.http://www.dtic.mil.execsec/adr1999.html 3. TheAdministration contends that: "In Bosnia, we achieved a breakthrough whenU.S. Thus, the evaluation criterion cannot behow well the armed forces perform in MOOTW efforts, but how well they arelikely to perform when called upon to perform their primary missions. Costs The economic costs of using United States armed forces in MOOTWefforts through application of the National Strategy of Engagement andEnlargement have been and likely will continue to be enormous. A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement.Washington: Office of the president of the United States, February 1996.http://www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/national/ 1996stra.htm 2. The position of this writer was that the use of United Statesarmed forces in such roles should be a last resort, as opposed to a firstchoice. The Impact on Regional Stability of United States Armed Forces Participation in MOOTW Efforts The peacekeeping efforts in Bosnia and Kosovo, together with thepeacemaking air campaign in Kosovo has, thus far, maintained some degree ofstability in the region. It wasinto this maw that United States armed forces and the armed forces of othernations entered Bosnia as peacekeepers (14:6). In Northern Iraq, the enforcement of the"no fly" zones has afforded some degree of human rights protection to theIraqi Kurds in that area. Colonel DavidFastabend noted however, that, while "combat and non-combat is an alluringwas to categorize" operations, the "strategic distinction between war andOOTW is problematic at the tactical level" (6:84). 7. Military Readiness Tucker found that military readiness is compromised to some extent bythe use of United States armed forces in MOOTW efforts. Dorff, R. The Clinton Administration counters the above arguments with thecontention that United States armed forces always perform well in the MOOTWefforts (8:4; 1 :14). Air Force for Military Operations Other Than War. The Impact of MOOTW Efforts on United States National Security The Clinton Administration, through the National Security Strategy ofEngagement and Enlargement, contends that the use of United States armedforces in MOOTW operations enhances the nation's national security. The humancosts of these operations in terms of the lives of United States forcespersonnel have been relatively light. The Participation of United States Armed Forces in MOOTW Efforts in Relation to Unilateral Versus the Coalition Use of United States Armed Forces As was true of the analysis of the role of international organizationsin MOOTW efforts involving United States armed forces, the consideration ofthe issue within the context of a unilateral versus a coalition use ofUnited States armed forces in such operations largely is academic. SECTION IV POLICY EVALUATION The policies providing for the commitment of United States armedforces are evaluated in this section. http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil.airchronicles/apj/apj99/sum99/briggs. K. In 1999, statingthat he feared that terrible atrocities would befall the Kosovo Albaniansat the hands of the Serbs, President Clinton orchestrated the NATOpeacemaking operation, Operation Allied Force. Turbiville, G. 17-31. H., Jr., Col. Human rights, however, applies to more than specified targetpopulations. The operation in Northern Iraq dates to the end of the Gulf War in1991. "Global threats and Challenges to the UnitedStates and Its Interests Abroad." Statement for the Senate Armed forcesCommittee on Intelligence, 6 February 1997.http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/1997+hr/s97 2 5d.htm 9. "The Categorization of Conflict." Parameters,Summer 1997, pp. Col. SECTION III ISSUES ANALYSIS Five issues are analyzed in relation to the use of united States armedforces in peacekeeping, peacemaking, and humanitarian operations-MOOTWefforts. The Role of International Organizations on United States Armed Forces Participation in MOOTW Efforts It is somewhat misleading to state that MOOTW efforts involving UnitedStates armed forces have occurred under the auspices of internationalorganizations. Tucker noted that a cost-benefit analysis of the use of United Statesarmed forces in MOOTW efforts is a difficult procedure, as each of theseefforts differs so greatly from each of the others (12:21-22). "The Changing Security Environment." Military Review, May-June 1997.http://www-cgsc.army.mil/milrev/english/ mayjun97/turbivil.htm 12. There is little doubt that the international political order ischanging, and that in the late-summer of 1999 it is significantly differentfrom what it was in the fall of 1989. Conclusions The Bosnian peacekeeping effort did not preclude an eruption of ethnic-based conflict in Kosovo, as the Clinton Administration has contended wouldoccur. Weissinger, Lt. In the contemporary period, the MOOTW concept is used as a means ofdifferentiating what are viewed as being the primary roles and missions ofthe United States armed forces from all of the other roles and missionsthat the armed forces are asked to assume. Further, the Bosnianpeacekeeping effort did not preclude the later participation of UnitedStates armed forces participation in the Kosovo peacemaking operation andthe current Kosovo peacekeeping operation. P. TheAdministration contends that implementation of the National Strategy ofEngagement and Enlargement is undertaken only after weighing all of therisks involved (1:14). S. There currently is no end in sight for theparticipation of United States ground forces as peacekeepers in Kosovo. Further, the Bosnian peacekeeping effort did not preclude the laterparticipation of United States armed forces participation in the Kosovopeacemaking operation and the current Kosovo peacekeeping operation. Peacemaking is an activity wherein armedforces from outside an area where armed conflict is occurring betweenfactions become militarily active in the area to stop the fighting betweenthe factions. 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