SPECIAL EDUCATION.   Term Paper ID:24349 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Federal & state funding, assessment & testing, family systems approach, inclusion, discipline, future.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Federal & state funding, assessment & testing, family systems approach, inclusion, discipline, future. Paper Introduction: Introduction The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview of special education. To this end, the paper presents a discussion of: a) federal and state legislation passed in the last decade to support special education services; b) current trends in the special education field; and c) conditions currently providing a challenge to special educators in both the United States in general and California in particular. Legislation In their discussion of laws affecting special education, Papalia and Olds (1995) refer to the Education for all Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142) of 1975 as the cornerstone of all new programs, courses, curricula, credentials and so forth that have arisen in special education from that period to the Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Each state is responsible for developing its own plan forimplementing this legislation which can be more specific. Several recent trends in special education were described and brieflyanalyzed. Veryrecent legislation regarding the inclusion of children with traumatic braininjury and the residential placement of special needs children was alsodiscussed. Specifically,Landau states that recent developments in the treatment of problematicbehaviors have transformed the debate concerning the use of aversivebehavior modification procedures in treating this behavioral disorder.Advocates for the exclusive use of nonaversive behavioral techniques nowcontend that the evolution of this technology has rendered aversiveprocedures obsolete. Reid, Robinson and Bunsen (1995) report that current trends inspecial education research methodology are suffering from an over-emphasison the collection and analysis of empirical data. Special education in juvenile correctionalfacilities: A literature review. Children and adolescents with traumatic braininjury: Reintegration challenges in educational settings. In California, an additional challenge was saidto be the inclusion of special needs children in Charter Schools andproblematic aspects with respect to implementing the IFSP model. Drew, C.J. To this end, the paper presents a discussion of: a) federal andstate legislation passed in the last decade to support special educationservices; b) current trends in the special education field; and c)conditions currently providing a challenge to special educators in both theUnited States in general and California in particular. Educational Leadership, 54(2), 22-25. (1991). In M. Billingsley, F.F. Related to the foregoing is a third trend in special education whichconsists of a greater focus on the family's cultural, ethnic and religiousbackground (Turnbull & Turnbull, 199 ). 7 7-73 ). Louis: Mosby Year Book. This approach considers the family as awhole and states that maximizing the needs of the special child consists ofconcern for the needs of the entire family. Stanhope & J. The authors state that intheir efforts to improve the field, educators are finally beginning tolisten and understand the viewpoints and values and beliefs of those whorepresent a nonempirical point of view. Reader response: In my dreams: A responseto some current trends in education. Trends According to Drew, Logan and Hardman (1994), one of the currenttrends in special education concerns a new and innovative look at the useof assessment. (1991). (1982). Even now schools are providing such complex services as bladdercatheterization, endotracheal suctioning, nasogastric tube feedings andcolostomy, ileostomy and ureterostomy care. Drew, C.J., Logan, D.R. However, Billingsley (1993) reports thatthe trend has raised a number of fears in the field. This redefinition was said to be due to two 199 Ninth Circuit appellate court cases ("Clovis Unified School District v.California Office of Administrative Hearings" and "Taylor v. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1 , 67-78. Landau, R.J. Lynch, E.W., Jackson, J.A. (1973). (1993). & Mendoza, J. & Malgeri, C. & Hardman, M.L. Lancaster (eds.), Community health nursing:Process and practice for promoting health (3rd ed.) (pp. However, recently, there has been increased focus on whether testsare being used appropriately. McKinney (1996) states that one particular challenge being faced byschools in California (as well as a few other states) is the fact that dataare increasingly demonstrating that children with disabilities lack equalaccess to Charter Schools. Charter schools: A new barrier for childrenwith disabilities. However, as noted by Igoe and Speer (1994),this increase in enrollment has been accompanied by a challenge related tothe fact that the health needs of these students are and can be expected togrow more complex. Theseneeds, Forbes states, are going to be one of the biggest challenges to thefuture of special education. Turnbull, A.P. (1991). (199 ). For example, inColorado, school nursing services are designated as a type of healthservice that must be available to disabled children. Lynch, Jackson and Mendoza (1991) discussed Individualized FamilyService Plan (IFSP) model development at the micro (child-family-professional) and macro (statewide interagency) levels in California. Summary This paper examined current legislation, trends and challenges in thefield of special education. Special education residential placements forstudents with severe emotional disturbances: The implications of RecentNinth Circuit Cases. & Algozzine, B. For example, Clark (1996) reports that very recentchanges in federal law have now paved the way for students with traumaticbrain injury (TBI) to receive special educational services. Legislation In their discussion of laws affecting special education, Papalia andOlds (1995) refer to the Education for all Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142) of 1975 as the cornerstone of all new programs, courses, curricula,credentials and so forth that have arisen in special education from thatperiod to the present. & Turnbull, H.R. Human development (6th ed.) NY:McGraw-Hill. The concept of validity in the interpretation oftest scores. Regarding current legislation, the paperdiscussed Public Law 94-142, the Education for all Handicapped Act, the1986 Amendment to this law, and the 1991 reauthorization of the Act. & Bunsen, T.D. Challenges Legislation for handicapped students and the increase in medical andtechnological assistance toward the survival of disabled students hasresulted in an increasing enrollment of special students in regular schools---this is an enrollment trend that can be expected only to increase in thefuture (Papalia & Olds, 1995). The educational system mustplan now to meet the increasing need for these and other complex healthservices they are going to be required to provide in the future. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview of specialeducation. Challenges to special education in the future, both in the UnitedStates in general and California in particular, were said to be: thegrowing complexity associated with providing in-school medical services tospecial needs children; concerns about discipline; and compliance withspecial education legislation for special needs children and adolescents incorrectional facilities. (1993). At the same time new aversive technologies are being developedpermitting the safe and effective use of aversive procedures. Landau (1993) states that one of the current challenges facingspecial educators concerns discipline of special needs children, especiallychildren who also have emotional and behavioral disorders. Families, professionals, andexceptionality: A special partnership (2nd ed.) NY: Merrill. Journal ofLearning Disabilities, 29(5), 549-56 . Forbes, M.A. (1996). Ysseldyke, J.E. Honig") whichinterpreted residential placements for students with severe emotionaldisturbances under Part B of the Individuals with Disabilities Educationact (IDEA). Reid, D.K., Robinson, S.J. For example,Sibshop---a workshop for training the brothers and sisters of specialchildren in the needs of their sibling---is one program that has beendeveloped and implemented with very positive outcomes. These areas are said to includerecommendations for first contacts; assessments; program planning;implementation and monitoring; review, evaluation, and transition; andprogram evaluation. (1996).Instilling collaboration for inclusive schooling as a way of doing businessin public schools. (195 ). St.Louis: Mosby Year Book. The community health nurse in theschool. Moreover, the state must monitor charter schools to ensurecompliance with federal legislation. In her discussion of special education in juvenile correctionfacilities, Forbes (1991) reports that these young people are not beingprovided with the educational services that are their rights be law. Empiricism andbeyond: Expanding the boundaries of special education. According toLandau (1993), what is needed is for educators to begin to join this debateand to provide lawmakers and psychologists with some comparative data onthe use of both procedures in the schools. Mental retardation: Alife cycle approach (4th ed.) St. Inclusion, of course, has been a current trend in the field eversince the passage of PL 94-142. These included trends related to: usage of assessment; theincreased use of the family systems approach; a greater focus on thefamily's cultural, ethnic and/or religious background; the incorporation ofmore phenomenological methods into special education research methodology;and addressing some of the negative consequences that might arise as afunction of inclusion policy. Some legislative changes have included expanding definitions ofhandicapped children. Journal of Correctional Education, 42(1),31-35. Papalia, D.E. The need to include special education in regular classrooms in ameaningful manner has, according to Villa, Thousand, Nevin and Malgeri(1996) produced an increasing trend for classroom teachers to utilizecollaborative methods (small interactive group learning). (1994). Thus, this trend holdsgreat promise. What makes this trend importantand very much needed is the fact that the United States is experiencing ashift in demography, one that is producing increasing enrollment ofstudents from diverse cultural backgrounds (e.g., Asian and PacificIslanders, Central Americans, etc.). PL 94-142 was reauthorized in 1991, the legislation being retitledthe Individuals with Disabilities Education Act or IDEA. Itwas noted that while implementation efforts are good, a future challengewill be to correct problematic areas. Critical issues in specialand remedial education. Huefner (1991) states that in California, courts are helping toredefine special education residential placements for students with severeemotional disturbances. (1995). (1995). The authorsstate that recent research on the effectiveness of collaboration inachieving the outcomes mandated by the Individuals with DisabilitiesEducation Act supports the use of this technique but that there are somebarriers which educators must deal with. References Anastasi, A. Remedial and Special Education, 17(3), 169-181. This rapidevolution in both nonaversive and aversive behavioral technologies isoccurring against a backdrop of vigorous lobbying of state legislatures andadministrative agencies by adherents to both approaches. Villa, R.A., Thousand, J.S., Nevin, A.I. Onereason for this need is said to be lack of cooperation among thoseassociated with correctional special education as well as a need forteacher education, curriculum development, and additional research. Educators must work with thesestudents and their parents in a manner that respects their values andperspectives. To this end, the educationalsystem is more frequently allowing parent input into decision-making andexpanding resources and programs to meet family needs. This concern isno small matter since logic dictates that concepts must be in place beforeevaluative methods are selected and implemented. (1994). Child and Adolescent Mental HealthCare, 3(1), 19-29. Remedial and SpecialEducation, 16(3), 131-141. Igoe, J.B. Clark, E. & Olds, S.W. Journal of the Association for PersonsWith Severe Handicaps, 18(1), 61-63. What is needed, according to McKinney (1996) is for these schools tostrike cooperative resource-sharing arrangements with neighboringdistricts. Journal of School Psychology, 11, 323-329. Huefner, D.S. This law was expanded by Amendment PL 99-457(passed in 1986) which extended the full rights and protection of theoriginal law to handicapped children ages three to five; this law wasimplemented in the 199 -1991 school year. & Speer, S. It will be remembered here that these rights and protections includethe education of special needs students in the least restrictiveenvironment at public expense and under public supervision and direction.Further, the law mandated that schools must not only adopt policies thatserve all handicapped students, they must also conduct searches to locatethese students. Legislation and regulation in the age of "new"aversives. Criterion and norm-referenced assessment ofminority group children. This focus has been much needed since, overthe years, many authors have pointed out that specialists in the field havenot been prone to ask themselves why they are testing these children (see:Anastasi, 195 ; Drew, 1973; Ysseldyke & Algozzine, 1982). (1996). Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.----------------------- 1 Although not all students with TBI need special education, many willneed careful planning for reintegration into the classroom. Special Issue: Aversives. McKinney, J.R. Topics inEarly Childhood Special Education, 11(3), 32-53. The merging of bestpractices and state policy in the IFSP process in California. These fears appearlegitimate and should be addressed as part of the inclusion response of theeducational system. West's Education Law Reporter, 67(2), 397-4 9. Turnbull and Turnbull (199 ) report that another current trend in thefield of special education has been the increased use of the family systemsapproach in professional practice. The authors state that until the last decade or so, mostresearchers and special educators were almost exclusively focused on how toprecisely measure handicaps or disabilities (e.g., level of retardation,level of physical functioning, etc.). These fears concernthe possible consequences of including students with severe disabilities inregular programs including: (1) the insinuation of constructivism into asystem emphasizing inclusion (rather than instruction); (2) a lack ofpolicies to preserve educational integrity; and (3) elimination of specialeducation as a full partner with regular education. Reasons given for the problem are said to bethat Charter School operators are attempting to avoid potentially high-coststudents and are unprepared to meet their needs. Special educators are advised tocontinue to acquaint themselves with alternative perspectives in order tostimulate openness to communicative ethics and, through mutualunderstanding and collaboration, to ensure the survival of the field in thefuture. This meansthat educators need to now focus on the range of services needed by thesestudents and the problems that can affect students' academic and socialfunctioning. Supporting thisreauthorization was the IDEA bill PL 1 1-476 which identifies a number ofrelated services disabled students should receive including health care,physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and psychologicalservices. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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