AIR CONDITIONING & POPULATION OF SOUTH.   Term Paper ID:23207 Click to get this paper

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Paper Abstract: Examines relationship between introduction of air conditioning (including history & marketing) & population growth in South & Southwest. Paper Introduction: AIR CONDITIONING AND POPULATION GROWTH IN THE SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST Introduction This research examines the influence of air conditioning on population growth in the Southern and Southwestern States of the United States. The focus period in this research begins in 1945 and extends to 1979. A brief history of air conditioning is presented as a part of this study, as is a brief biographical sketch of Willis Carrier who perfected the technological concept of air conditioning to the point where widespread application became practicable. Following the presentation of the historical and biographical material, the marketing of air conditioning from 1945 through 1979 is examined. Comparisons of the growth of the use of air Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. The lowest costfor air conditioning the typical house at that time approximated $1,5 ,while the smallest capacity portable cooler cost approximately $4 . Lowry, I. The percentage growth rate for the Southern and Southwestern states,however, are distorted to some extent because they are derived from muchlower population bases. Washington: U. Absolute population growth from 195 to 198 : 45.7 million. As the ice melted, a briny mush formed and trickleddown on the screens. As a consequence, air conditioners with gas-based compressorsnever gained a substantial market share.Air conditioners for the residential market continued to be trumpeted,however, through both advertising and promotional pieces inperiodicals.[xxix] Adverse articles about air conditioning, however, alsoappeared in the periodicals of the day. Where Carrier sought tolower humidity, Cramer sought to add moisture to the air.Following the success at Sackett-Wilhlem's printing plant, Carrierinstalled similar equipment in other commercial and industriallocations.[xviii] In each instance, lowering humidity was the primary goalof the air conditioning installation. By way of comparison, the population increase inthe remaining states of the nation from 195 to 198 was 1.52 timesgreater than the population increase in these states from 192 to 195 . "Home Air-Cooling Systems of the Evaporative Type." Science Digest, 18 (October 1945): 93. S. Thiscompressor was used to produce ice for the King Ranch in Texas. M. Absolute population growth from 195 to 198 : 29.7 million. Swezey, K. A National Association of Homebuilders study released in theearly-195 s found that people living in air conditioned houses "slept 1 percent longer during the summer, enjoyed their food more, did nearly threetimes as much entertaining, and spent only two-thirds the time cleaninghouse as did their non-air conditioned counterparts."[xxxix] The studyfound further that "wives spent more time on hobbies, husbands brought homemore work from the office, and babies suffered less from heat rash."[xl]The marketing appeal to the American woman apparently was successful. Carrier's newcompressor used a non toxic refrigerant. If that growth difference issignificant, then is the time to look beyond the population growth factorto determine what caused such growth. Thefocus period in this research begins in 1945 and extends to 1979. The price of homeair conditioning in the late-193 s was simply too high in relation to thevalue of the structure to be cooled to be justified by the overwhelmingmajority of Americans. Thatdifference in and of itself is not surprising because of the differences inthe base population levels between the two regions. After the end of theFirst World War, Carrier began to promote his air conditioners throughaggressive advertising-- "Every day a good day."[xix] The campaigncontinued for many years, and was emulated by competitors.The centrifugal refrigerating machine was invented by Carrier in 1922.This invention marked the first major advance in refrigeration technologysince the development of the ammonia compressor in 1872. AIR CONDITIONING AND POPULATION GROWTH IN THE SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST IntroductionThis research examines the influence of air conditioning on populationgrowth in the Southern and Southwestern States of the United States. Rice, (Eds.). "Air Conditioning in the Home." Fortune, August 1938, 59-63. Populationgrowth data for the Southern and Southwestern states as a group, and forthe remaining state of the nation as a group are presented for the periods192 -195 and 195 -198 . The nation was still in the economic mire,however, and home air conditioning never really was a viable option formost people.Carrier's early models of home air conditioners "were bulky, expensive,difficult to install, and likely to break down."[xxvi] The company soldonly one thousand of the units over the 1937-1939 period. American City magazine ran anarticle contending that central air conditioning systems caused fires tospread within a structure.[xxx]By the early-195 s, the price of residential structures had increasedsubstantially, while the price of air conditioning systems for suchstructures had remained relatively stable.[xxxi] The change in thestructure/air conditioner price ratio exerted an almost magical effect onair conditioner sales which began to soar.[xxxii] One of the strongestand most effective marketing messages in air conditioning advertising andpromotion in the early-195 s was the ability of air conditioners to controlthe level of humidity within structures.[xxxiii] Fortune magazine reportedthat the country was in the midst of an air conditioning boom in1953.[xxxiv] A decade later, the marketing emphasis in residential airconditioning had shifted away from portable room air conditioners tocentral air conditioning.[xxxv] Air conditioning experienced exceptionalgrowth in the decades of the 195 s and 196 s.[xxxvi] Air conditioningexperienced continued marketing growth in the 197 s, when the marketingmessages trumpeted the increased efficiency of air conditioningsystems.[xxxvii]The marketing message for residential air conditioners was directedprimarily at women.[xxxviii] Most women in the 195 s and 196 s spent mostof their time working in the home. Lowry, Migration and Metropolitan Growth, 7thed. If thepopulation growth for the entire country from 195 to 198 was 5 percenthigher than it was from 192 to 195 , however, then a 4 percent increasein population growth in the South and Southwest would no longer appear in apositive light.Comparing growth differentials for the South and Southwest with those forthe country as a whole, however, tends to misstate any comparison becausepopulation growth for the South and Southwest is included in the growth forthe country as a whole. f. S. Roche, "Making Your Own Weather," New York TimesMagazine, 26 May 1946, 38-39.[xxx].3 "Air-Conditioning Systems As Fire Spreaders,"American City, 65 (September 195 ): 15.[xxxi].31R. Bernard, and Bradley R. Percent population growth from 195 to 198 : 42.9 percent.As the above data indicate, the states other than the Southern andSouthwestern states gained more absolute population during each of theperiods than did the Southern and Southwestern states. "Air Conditioned and Under $25, ." American Home, 5 (July 1953): 34-36, 38-39. Bureau of the Census. (Glenview,Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1994), 2 7. It indicated that locationaldecisions likely had behavioral aspects that were not effectivelyconsidered in the generally used location decision models. percent. Conhaim, R. Historical Statistics of the United States. Hudsondepartment store in Detroit. Perry, Richard L. A Fortunemagazine survey conducted in 1938 found that two-thirds of the generalpublic would refuse air conditioning even if an entire typical house couldbe cooled for an installation cost of only $1,2 .[xxii]The Kelvinator Corporation had introduced what was marketed as the KelvinHome in 1936.[xxiii] The Kelvin Home came complete with central airconditioning, and was marketed "as one of the most important changes in ourfuture sociological, artistic, and technical approach to the health andhappiness of millions."[xxiv] The Kelvin Home with its gas-basedcompressor air conditioning system, however, was priced at $7,5 , andsales of the structure did not come up to the expectations of theKelvinator Corporation.Some analysts contend that the situation that prevailed in the late-193 sindicated that the air conditioning industry had not yet convinced theAmerican public that "they actually needed air conditioning.[xxv] Thisexplanation, however, overlooks the importance of price. Renewed efforts todevelop a practical air conditioner gained some degree of urgency in 1881following the shooting of President James Garfield.[iii] Garfield was shotin late-July, and over the succeeding 58 days before the President diedtemperatures hovered around 9 degrees and the humidity was uncomfortablyhigh. Conhaim, "Air Conditioned and Under $25, ,"American Home, 5 (July 1953): 34-36.[xxxii].32"Guinea Pigs in Luxury: Test Village, Austin,Tex.," Business Week, 22 May 1954, 6 .[xxxiii].33K. A fan placed at one end of the box "sucked in airfrom the outside, which was cooled as it passed across the screens and wasthen pumped through a duct into the President's bedroom."[vii] Tinkeringwith this setup eventually reduced the noise made by the machine, loweredthe humidity, and dropped the temperature level twenty degrees.While the naval engineers achieved some air conditioning success, thatsuccess was achieved at a high price. Paelink, and P. The data indicated that more peoplefrom the Southern and Southwestern state migrated to the remaining statesof the nation than people from those other states migrated to the South andSouthwest during the 195 s, 196 , and 197 s.Many people tend to forget that places in the United States other than theSouth and Southwest experience hot and uncomfortable weather. L. Government Printing Office,1993), 17.[xlvi].46Ibid.[xlvii].47Ibid.[xlviii].48Ibid.[xlix].49Ibid.[l].5 Ibid.[li].51I. Bythis reckoning, the population increase difference between the two periodswas greater in the rest of the country than in the Southern andSouthwestern states.The population increase in the states other than the Southern andSouthwestern states from 192 to 195 was 1.515 times greater than that inthe Southern and Southwestern states during the same period. All states except Southern and Southwestern states: a. The 16 states were Alabama,Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland,Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas,Virginia, and West Virginia. Percent population growth from 195 to 198 : 65. As the Southern andSouthwestern states account for less than one-third of the total number ofstates in the country, however, these outcomes are not surprising.Conversely, when population growth is considered in percentage terms, theSouthern and Southwestern states appeared to increase population much morerapidly in each of the periods than did the remaining states of the nation. d. Nijkamp, Operational Theoryand Method in Regional Economics, 4th ed. Thus, prior to 192 , air conditioning systemswere almost always installed for the benefit of some production process, asopposed to providing comfort for humans.Willis Carrier continued to refine air conditioning technology. "You Can Handle the Humidity." Popular Science, 162, (June 1953): 22 -222.-----------------------[i].[ii].2Raymond Arsenault, "The Cooling of the South," WilsonQuarterly, 8 (Summer 1984): 15 -159.[iii].[iv].[v].[vi].6Ibid.[vii].[viii].8Ibid.[ix].[x].[xi].[xii].[xiii].[xiv].[xv].15Ibid., 24.[xvi].[xvii].17Ibid., 25.[xviii].18Ibid., 26.[xix].19Ibid., 27.[xx].2 Ibid., 32.[xxi].21"Air Conditioning in the Home," Fortune August 1938,59-63.[xxii].22Ibid.[xxiii].23Friedman, 3 .[xxiv].24Ibid.[xxv].25Ibid., 31.[xxvi].26Ibid.[xxvii].27"Home Air-Cooling Systems of the Evaporative Type,"Science Digest, 18 (October 1945): 93.[xxviii].28"Homes May Be Air Conditioned By Gas," ScienceDigest, 18 (September 1945): 62.[xxix].29M. M. None of the systems of the other engineers, however, matchedthe technological sophistication of those developed by Carrier.Two developments made it possible for Willis Carrier to perfect an airconditioner that was both practical and efficient. The first of thesedevelopments was the technology of refrigeration.[x] A Scot transplantedto the American South invented the ammonia compressor in 1872. Other comparisons, thus, are required.The population increase in the Southern and Southwestern states from 195 to 198 was 1.5 times greater than the population increase in thesestates from 192 to 195 . Garr, "Air Conditioning for '74: Inching Up toHigher Efficiency," Popular Science, 2 4 (May 1974): 118-119.[xxxviii].38Friedman, 32.[xxxix].39Ibid.[xl].4 Ibid.[xli].41Ibid.[xlii].42Ibid.[xliii].43Richard L. "Making Your Own Weather." New York Times Magazine, 26 May 1946, 38-39. An air conditioning system basedon this technology was installed by Carrier in 1924 in the J. A preferred approach to determining thesignificance of population growth in the South and Southwest is to comparesuch growth with the remainder of the nation less the Southern andSouthwestern states. L. "The Cooling of the South." Wilson Quarterly, 8 (Summer 1984): 15 -159. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1984. (Lexington,Massachusetts: Lexington Books, 1993), 123-125.[liii].53E. Therefore, they appeared to airconditioning manufacturers to be the logical targets of advertisingcampaigns. Burck, "Air Conditioning Boom," Fortune, 47 (May1953), 118-121.[xxxv].35"Central Cooling Systems," Business Week, 11 April1964, 169.[xxxvi].36Room Coolers Run Hot: Doubling of Last Year's SalesRate," Business Week, 18 July 1964, 29.[xxxvii].37D. Absolute population growth from 192 to 195 : 3 . "Air Conditioning For '74: Inching Up to Higher Efficiency." Popular Science, 2 4 (May 1974): 118-119. "The Front Porch As Stage and Symbol in the Deep South." Journal of American Culture, 8 (February 1985): 13-18. Percent population growth from 192 to 195 : 42.5 percent. This approach will indicate whether the populationgrowth difference in the South and Southwest between the 195 -198 and 192 -194 periods was anything significant. That both of these phenomena occurred in the regionsimultaneously, however, does not mean necessarily that change in eithervariable was the cause of the change in the other variable.The popular thesis that air conditioning led to population increases in theSouthern and Southwestern states during the 195 s, 196 s, and 197 s was notsupported by the data collected and analyzed for this study. Lowering humidity was alwaysmotivated by a desire to protect some product or material. By adjusting thetemperature of the water spray," Carrier was able to control thetemperature of the air.[xiv] Because cold air holds less water, theprocess also reduced the humidity level.The air conditioner that Carrier installed in the printing plant of theSackett-Wilhelms Lithographing and Publishing Company in Brooklyn in 19 2used chilled coils to cool the air and remove excess moisture.[xv] The airconditioner provided a cooling effect that was equivalent to the melting of1 8, pounds of ice a day, while maintaining the humidity level at 55percent.Carrier called his first air conditioner an "Apparatus for TreatingAir."[xvi] The term "air conditioner" was first used by Stuart Cramer, atextile engineer in North Carolina, when he patented an apparatus forhumidifying air inside textile mills.[xvii] Cramer's device had just theopposite purpose of Carrier's air conditioner. Perry, "The Front Porch As Stage andSymbol in the Deep South," Journal of American Culture, 8(February 1985): 13-18.[xliv].44Richard M. Low-costelectricity made air conditioning feasible. (San Francisco: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1994), 11.[lii].52J. P., and P. Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1994. What is important,however, is that the population increase in the states other than theSouthern and Southwestern states from 195 to 198 was 1.539 times greaterthan that in the Southern and Southwestern states during the same period.Thus, population growth differences between the two periods appears to havebeen greater in the states other than the Southern and Southwestern statesthan it was within the Southern and Southwestern states.The popular thesis that air conditioning led to population increases in theSouthern and Southwestern states during the 195 s, 196 s, and 197 s is notsupported by the data. Operational Theory and Method in Regional Economics, 4th ed. H. Migration and Metropolitan Growth, 7th ed. As an example, if population growth inthe South and Southwest was 4 percent higher from 195 to 198 than it wasfrom 192 to 195 , it might be assumed that such growth was significant andthat some factor specific to the region caused such growth. S. S. "The Air Conditioned Century." American Heritage, 35 (November/December 1984): 2 -32. Absolute population growth from 192 to 195 : 19.8 million. Marketing Air ConditioningFortune magazine reported in 1938 that less than one-quarter of one-percentof the residential structures with electricity in the United States had anyform of air conditioning.[xxi] The major marketing problem for airconditioning manufacturers in the late-193 s was price. 2. Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books, 1993. The research findings are summarized and conclusions drawnfrom these findings complete the presentation of the study.The Southern and Southwestern states were defined according to theguidelines of the Bureau of the Census of the federal government. The finalinvestigative discussion included in this study considers the motivationsof people from other parts of the United States to move the Southern andSouthwestern states in the wake of the increased use of air conditioning inthese states. was to create an artificial fog by spraying a fine mistof water into a box, thereby saturating the air inside. Government Printing Office, 1993. "Air Conditioning Boom." Fortune, 47 (May 1953): 118-121, 122- 124. "Homes May Be Air Conditioned By Gas." Science Digest, 18 (September 1945): 62. . . Urban Economics, 5th ed. By theearly-188 s, "mechanical refrigeration devices were being used bybreweries, restaurants, and meat-packing plants."[xi] By the turn of thecentury, refrigerating plants were being used in conjunction with coolingcoils to chill air in large commercial facilities. Air conditionersfor the home incorporating a gas-based compressor technology also receivedan added marketing emphasis in the mid-194 s.[xxviii] Gas-basedcompressors, however, were more difficult to install and more difficult tomaintain. That both of these phenomena occurred in theregion simultaneously, however, does not mean necessarily that change ineither variable was the cause of the change in the other variable.One approach to understanding the relationship between the two variables isto compare population growth in the Southern and Southwestern states duringthe 195 s, 196 s, and 197 s with population changes that occurred in theregion in the 192 s, 193 s, and 194 s. Over the 58 day period, a half-million pounds of ice were consumed.[viii] President Garfield's airconditioner simply was not practical for widespread application. These otherplaces benefit from air conditioning as much as do the South and Southwest. S. e. Thebehavioral theory has a relevance for the potential influence of airconditioning on location decisions. Roche, M. Burck, G. Paelink, J. Installations in motion theaters soonfollowed in Texas. Percent population growth from 192 to 195 : 55.2 percent. Thus, early location theoryexplained all locational decisions in the context of differences betweenpotential locations with respect to production and transportation costs.While urban economics is concerned with the location patterns ofhouseholds, firms, and other entities which locate in densely developedareas, it also encompasses such considerations as (1) how the patterns oflocation evolve and change, (2) how the patterns of location are affectedby government expenditures, taxes, and regulations, and (3) how thepatterns of location affect the economic performance of both firms andhouseholds.[liii]The introduction of the behavioral model of the theory of the firm hadsignificant implications for location theory. Garr, D. Bernard, Richard M., and Bradley R. Mills, Urban Economics, 5th ed. Population as of 198 national census: 152.3 million.[l]d. These data are as follows: 1. As late as 1948,a Carrier Corporation marketing study concluded that the profit potentialin residential air conditioning was unattractive.In mid-1945, some firms began marketing evaporative type air coolingsystems for residential use.[xxvii] These units, known popularly as swampcoolers, were priced much lower than the far more effective refrigerant airconditioners produced by Carrier and other manufacturers. While it is true that both population and the useof air conditioners increased substantially during the decades in theSouthern and Southwestern states, the population growth in those statesappears to be more reflective of national population growth trends than asa manifestation of the increased use of air conditioners in the region.The use of air conditioners increased in most regions of the United Statesfrom 195 through 198 . "Central Cooling Systems." Business Week, 11 April 1964, 169. Swezey, "You Can Handle the Humidity,"Popular Science, 162 (June 1953): 22 -222.[xxxiv].34G. Withhouse prices averaging $5, , air conditioning was not only something thatmost people would not pay to place in their homes, it was something thatthe great majority of the people simply could not afford. The Early Work of Willis CarrierWillis Haviland Carrier was 25 years old and less than two years out ofCornell University when he developed the conceptual bases for the practicalapplication of air conditioning.[xiii] Carrier was the first to offer anexplanation of the precise relationship between temperature and moisture.This explanation permitted the development of a device that both cooled anddried air to provide greater comfort. H. Population as of 192 national census: 35.9 million.[xlv] b. L. The physicians attending Garfield persuaded government officials tocall in naval engineers to solve the temperature and humidity problem inthe President's White House bedroom.[iv]The naval engineers were able to build a device, for lack of a better word,that did provide some relief.[v] The device consisted of a large cast ironbox the size of a coffin (appropriate considering the venue) that"contained dozens of screens, each made of a thin layer of terry-clothcotton."[vi] A tank atop the box was kept filled with a half-ton of shavedice, salt, and water. While it istrue that both population and the use of air conditioners increasedsubstantially during the decades in the Southern and Southwestern states,the population growth in those states appears to be more reflective ofnational population growth trends than as a manifestation of the increaseduse of air conditioners in the region. e. A Brief History of Air ConditioningAttempts to provide some sort of artificial cooling during the summers ofthe American South began in the 183 s.[ii] These early efforts, however,yielded little in the way of practical applications. Mills, E. Both absolute population growth and percentgrowth data are presented. Population as of 195 national census: 45.7 million.[xlvi] c. What theexperiment did demonstrate, however, was that the artificial conditioningof air was possible and with additional research might even be practicalfor widespread application at some future date.Twenty-one years later in 19 2, Willis Carrier did install an airconditioner that was both functional and practical in a manufacturingenvironment.[ix] The first hospital ward was air conditioned in 1914, andthe first department store was air conditioned in 1924. Bythe end of the decade of the 197 s, air conditioning was a standard featurein residential structures located in those part of the country thatexperienced hot and/or humid summers, late springs, and early falls.[xli]By 1962, "six and a half million homes in the United States, six out of tenhotel rooms, and half of all office buildings were air conditioned."[xlii]The ratios in the Southern and Southwestern states were much higher, as allbut the poorest families enjoyed some form of air conditioning in theirresidences, all but the oldest of hotel and motel rooms were airconditioned, and office building that were not air conditioned fell intodisuse. This price relationship would have been a valid andunfavorable decision criterion even if the nation had not been in the laststages of the Great Depression. "Room Coolers Run Hot: Doubling of Last Year's Sales Rate." Business Week, 18 July 1964, 29. The popularity of air conditioning in the Southern andSouthwestern states was beyond question.[xliii] Air Conditioning and Population GrowthA popular and oft repeated thesis is that the rapid and substantialpopulation growth that occurred in the Southern and Southwestern statesduring the decades of the 195 s, 196 s, and 197 s was largely attributableto the increase in the use of air conditioning in these states.[xliv] Therelationship between these two phenomena are examined in this discussion.Without question both population growth and growth in the use of airconditioning occurred in the Southern and Southwestern states during the195 s, 196 s, and 197 s. Withoutquestion both population growth and growth in the use of air conditioningoccurred in the Southern and Southwestern states during the 195 s, 196 s,and 197 s. million. Carrier's "solution to the problemof humidity . The relevant data indicate, however,that more people from the Southern and Southwestern state migrated to theremaining states of the nation than people from those other states migratedto the South and Southwest during the 195 s, 196 , and 197 s. Nijkamp. Population as of 192 national census: 7 .6million.[xlviii] b. Southern and Southwestern states: a. f. San Francisco: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1994. d. The refrigeration plantconcept, however, was not feasible for use in relatively small structuresthat could not justify high installation and operating costs.The second development that enabled Willis Carrier to develop a practicalair conditioner was the demonstration by Thomas Edison of a practical andefficient way to distribute electrical power.[xii] Edison's distributionsystem for the first time made it possible to provide an inexpensive sourceof electrical energy to residential and commercial structures. Population as of 198 national census: 75.4 million.[xlvii] d. Friedman, Robert. Bibliography "Air-Conditioners As Fire Spreaders." American City, 65 (September 195 ): 15. "Guinea Pigs in Luxury: Test Village, Austin, Tex." Business Week, 22 May 1954, 6 . TheCarrier Engineering Corporation was formed in 1915. Population as of 195 national census: 1 6.6 million.[xlix] c. Sunbelt Cities: Politics and Growth Since World War II. Rice, (Eds.),Sunbelt Cities: Politics and Growth Since World War II(Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1984), 46.[xlv].45Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of theUnited States (Washington: U. A briefhistory of air conditioning is presented as a part of this study, as is abrief biographical sketch of Willis Carrier who perfected the technologicalconcept of air conditioning to the point where widespread applicationbecame practicable.[i]Following the presentation of the historical and biographical material, themarketing of air conditioning from 1945 through 1979 is examined.Comparisons of the growth of the use of air conditioning in the Southernand Southwestern states and population growth in these states are presentedfollowing the examination of the marketing of air conditioning. This approach, however, fails toconsider the general population growth differences between the two periodsin relation to the entire nation. Most companies, however, could not justify thecost of installing and operating air conditioning systems unless immediatecost benefits were realized. Motivations to Move SouthLocation decisions and patterns by firms, households, and individuals arecapable of having significant impacts on regional economic growth.[li]Prior studies have demonstrated that a variety of factors are capable ofexerting significant impacts on location decisions.Location theory, among other things, attempts to explain and predict thelocational decisions of firms, and the spatial patterns of industry whichare the products of the aggregate locational decisions.[lii] The initialassumption upon which location theory was based was that entrepreneursattempted to maximize profits in the context of prices fixed by the market,where they possessed perfect information concerning the relative costsassociated with all potential locations. It is at this point that airconditioning would be considered as a potential causal factor. There were othercommercial air conditioning installations by Carrier during this period,and other engineers developed and installed their own versions of airconditioning. In the process,however, the human workers in these facilities also received benefits.Management soon realized that worker productivity improved in airconditioned environments. Behavior is ofconsiderable significance in analyzing individual location decisions. P. Summary and ConclusionThis research examined the influence of air conditioning on populationgrowth in the Southern and Southwestern States of the United States. S. The air conditioned theaters in Houston and Dallas wereso successful that the process was soon repeated by Carrier in New YorkCity.Willis Carrier predicted in 1941 that the "time is almost here when menwill no more let themselves and their families suffer fro[xx] By the timeWillis Carrier died in 195 , he held more than 8 air conditioning patents. TheDistrict of Columbia and 16 states were considered in this research tocomprise the South/Southwestern region. Thefocus period in this research began in 1945 and extended to 1979.A popular and oft repeated thesis is that the rapid and substantialpopulation growth that occurred in the Southern and Southwestern statesduring the decades of the 195 s, 196 s, and 197 s was largely attributableto the increase in the use of air conditioning in these states. Arsenault, Raymond. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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