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Paper Abstract: Creation & development of UCLA. Funding, land grants, educational & student services, accreditation & quality, social & ethnic issues, health services. Paper Introduction: THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES: CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT OVER TIME Introduction This research provides an overview of the creation and development of the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). This overview covers the development of the institution over time, as well as some of the issues affecting the functioning of the university. Creation and Early Development The first constitution of the State of California provided for the establishment of a state university. This provision of the constitution led to the creation of the University of California in 1853. Eventually, the university evolved into a system of branch Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Initially, these specialized accreditingassociations were related to the professions. [32]Ibid. "Battle Over Affirmative Action Gets Personal As UCLA Chancellor Begins Spirited Defense of Minority-Admissions Policy." Chronicle of Higher Education, 17 March 1995, A26-A27.Kantrowitz, B., and King, P. Yarmolinsky, "Challenges to Legitimacy: Dilemmas andDirections." Change, 4 (April 1976): 18-25. Newhall, "UCLA," in J. [36]Mercer, A37. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1987.Haskins, C. The normal school had been established in Los Angeles in 1882.[2]From 1919 through 1931, the former normal college was known as the SouthernBranch of the University of California.[3] The university, as it is known and understood in the last-quarter ofthe twentieth century, is the current manifestation of a process whichbegan to evolve in the Middle Ages.[4] The universities of the Middle Agesdid not have libraries, nor did they have laboratories. H. The cost ofproviding such services can soon cause them appear (in the perceptions ofsome critics) to assume the role of the tail wagging the dog. Rolle, California: A History (New York: Thomas Y. Creation and Early Development The first constitution of the State of California provided for theestablishment of a state university.[1] This provision of the constitutionled to the creation of the University of California in 1853. Mitchell, The Graves of Academe (Boston: Little, BrownPublishers, 1981), 56. Each of these associations solicitsinput from non-accredited institutions and programs. Covered in this overview werethe development of the institution over time, as well as some of the issuesaffecting the functioning of the university. "Failing Economics." Newsweek, 29 September 1992, 32-33.Keets, H. Over the years, however,specialized accreditation institutions were established for manyoccupations, disciplines, programs, and specific types of postsecondaryinstitutions.[15] In the mid-198 s, there are in excess of 3 of thesespecialized accrediting associations for postsecondary education in theUnited States.[16] Each separate accrediting organization establishes its own set ofstandards and assessment criteria.[17] Thus, there exists no assurancethat uniform standards are applied in all parts of the country for theaccreditation of postsecondary education institutions. Davis, "The Search for Standards: Relativism and EmergingPluralism in Higher Education," Journal of Higher Education, 45 (1974): 145-151. [26]L. [3 ]Ibid. Without condemning theintent of such programs, many critics contend that it is not the functionof the university to develop high school-level academic competencies, andthat to attempt to do so is a misuse of the resources committed to theuniversities. THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES: CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT OVER TIME Introduction This research provides an overview of the creation and development ofthe University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). In allinstances, with the exception of the Western Association responsible forjunior colleges, these inspection teams are composed of educators in thefield being accredited. An institutionwithout such facilities in the mid-198 s would not, in most instances,qualify for classification as a university.[5] These differences are buttwo of many illustrations of how the evolutionary process has changed andcontinues to change the shape and the character of the university. [15]J. By other people, however,such services are viewed as (1) usurpations of individual responsibilities,and (2) mismanagement of public resources. The character of political development in the AmericanColonies and, later, in the early years of the United States, caused theconcept of strong national control of education in this country to berejected. The remedial education programs are intended to bring participants upto an academic competence level which will enable them to successfullyparticipate academically at the university level. Input to the accreditation process from non-members of the accreditingassociation is not typically sought by the regional accreditingassociations. Jaschik, "Battle Over Affirmative Action Gets Personal As UCLAChancellor Begins Spirited Defense of Minority-Admissions Policy,"Chronicle of Higher Education, 17 March 1995, A26-A27. Hispanic riots over the issue causein excess of $3 , in damage to the institution.[24] Hispanics accountfor approximately 25 percent of the state population, but account for only15 percent of the student population at the University of California at LosAngeles. [8]A. All of the regional accrediting associations,however, have established appeal procedures. By 196 , state university regents has raised the University ofCalifornia at Los Angeles to a level of equality with the University ofCalifornia at Berkeley with respect to stipulated enrollment.[1 ] In 1995,enrollment at the University of California at Los Angeles totalsapproximately 34,5 students, of which approximately 23, areundergraduate and 11,5 are graduate. Fiat Lux: The University of California. Through the Morrill Land Grant College Act of 1862, the federalgovernment provided land to serve as an endowment for the creation ofcolleges by the states.[6] Most of the colleges created under this programwere agricultural colleges. Indeed, itis difficult to control the escalation of such services. "The Search for Standards: Relativism and Emerging Pluralism in Higher Education." Journal of Higher Education, 45 (1974): 145-151.Gittell, M. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967.Bean, W. "Amid Cash Crisis, Hispanics Win A Historic Victory." Chronicle of Higher Education, 3 June 1993, A4 .Jaschik, S. "Yo, Teach." Entertainment Weekly, 23 April 1993, 1 .Kerr, C. New York: Thomas Y. E. [2 ]Bean, 474. [7]Ibid. College Responses to Low Achieving Students. The Graves of Academe. California: An Interpretive History. Baker, and S. Agriculturally-oriented elements of theUniversity of California were created under the land grant program at bothDavis and Riverside. A. King, "Failing Economics," Newsweek, 29September 1992, 32-33. Mexican and Spanish land grants, quite differentfrom the federal land grant college program, played no role in either thecreation or the development of the University of California at Los Angeles. The Republican majority in theCongress wants the program of received history to continue--as long as theycan determine the messages that are to be received by students. [34]Ibid., A36-A37. The Initiative, known oncampus as the PSRI, also would create a public-policy and social-researchschool from existing programs in the five professional schools affected bythe Initiative.[34] In an absurd counterpoint, the University ofCalifornia at Los Angeles is offering an extension course in "The Rap andStreet Music Phenomenon" taught by Evans "The E-Man" Forster.[35] Appropriations to the University of California at Los Angeles from theState of California totaled approximately $42 million in 1993-1994.[36]That level reflected a reduction of 16.5 percent from the state fundingcomponent in 199 -1991. This overview coversthe development of the institution over time, as well as some of the issuesaffecting the functioning of the university. Exceptions to this general policy are found in the NorthwestAssociation and in the Western Association responsible for theaccreditation of junior colleges. S. Roueche, G. TheUniversity of California at Los Angeles is not one of these institutions. Page, "Can You Capitate?" American Medical News, 37 (8 August1994): 7-8. The librariessubscribe to approximately 95, periodicals. Orlando, Florida: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985.Shea, C. Bean, California: An Interpretive History (Toronto: McGraw-HillBook Company, 1968), 225. The University of California at Los Angeles first granted a doctoraldegree in 1936.[27] Several professional schools were established on thecampus during the decades of the 193 s and 194 s. Mercer, "A Chancellor With Nine Lives," Chronicle of HigherEducation, 2 April 1994, A37. Accreditation Prior to the creation of the United States, the control of highereducation in Great Britain had been vested in the national government ofthat country. A. Gittell, "Reaching the Hard to Reach." Change, 1O (October1985): 24-31. [35]H. E., Baker, G. D. "Challenges to Legitimacy: Dilemmas and Directions." Change, 4 (April 1976): 18-25. Roueche, College Responsesto Low Achieving Students (Orlando, Florida: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1985), 87. "UCLA Adjusts to Painful Budget Surgery." Chronicle of Higher Education, 2 April 1994, A36-A37, A41.Mitchell, R. [25]S. [29]J. [13]J. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & company, Inc., 1972.Brubacher, J. The University of California at Los Angeles also has become enmeshedin a controversy with the new conservative dominated Congress inWashington.[26] The proposed new National History Standards that wouldrequire American students to actually think about the past, as opposed tojust absorbing the party-line on American history were developed at theUniversity of California at Los Angeles. BibliographyAdams, A., and Newhall, N. "Reaching the Hard to Reach." Change, 1O (October 1985): 24-31.Hart, J. [16]Ibid., 2 1. In the mid-199 s, thereare on campus five undergraduate and 14 graduate schools. Exceptions to this general procedure are theMiddle States Association and the New England Association, neither of whichpermit the institutions for which accreditation is being considered to bepresent at such meetings. F. Keets, "Yo, Teach," Entertainment Weekly, 23 April 1993, 1 . The regional accrediting associations reach their decisions withrespect to the accreditation of specific institutions upon consideration bytheir respective boards of the reports prepared by the inspection teams.Most of the regional accrediting associations invite the postsecondaryeducation institution for which accreditation is being considered to bepresent at such meetings. [37]J. [23]T. The Los Angeles campus was developed from apredecessor campus of the state normal (teachers) college system. Beck and D. Procedures followed by thespecialized accrediting associations tend to vary widely. [11]J. Libraries and laboratories are,at least in the last-quarter of the twentieth century, readily accepted bymost individuals as being consistent with this concept. Private contributions to the institution, however,have been increased through the efforts of Chancellor Charles E. [6]W. The Rise of Universities. Crowell Company, 1963.Roueche, J. Caughey and L. [38]B. Higher Education in Transition: A History of American Colleges and Universities, 1936-1976, 5th ed. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1985.Davis, J. Boston: Little, Brown Publishers, 1981.Newhall, N. Some of the changes in the shape and character of the university havebeen less well accepted, as will undoubtedly be true of many futurechanges. [12]R. H. ----------------------- [1]W. Mercer, "UCLA Adjusts to Painful Budget Surgery," Chronicle ofHigher Education, 2 April 1994, A36-A38. The size of the inspection team, thus, is, inpart, dependent upon the breadth of the educational programs offered by aninstitution. Hayden, "Amid Cash Crisis, Hispanics Win A Historic Victory,"Chronicle of Higher Education, 3 June 1993, A4 . S. D. News & WorldReport, 7 November 1994, 12. Brubacher and R. Eventually,the university evolved into a system of branch universities, a developmentthat made possible to creation of a branch of the University of Californiais Los Angeles in 1931. The University of California at Los Angeles operates 13 separatelibraries. An example of the changes which have been less readily acceptedare the remedial education programs. California: A History. [19]Brubacher and Willis, 245. These two elements of the university eventually weredeveloped into full branches of the university. [9]C. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1976, 466-468.Page, L. California: A History of the Golden State. Their future in this society is oftendetermined, in large part, by their success in formal education pursuits.Formal education embraces a presumed capacity for the development ofcompetence. Controversies Over the Years, and Contemporary Developments During the era of McCarthyism, a public concern existed about thepotential for Communist influence in the University of Californiasystem.[2 ] The University of California at Los Angeles was a particularfocus of such public concern because of invitations to anti-capitalistspeakers to appear at campus affairs. A Companion to California. Thatcampus had been absorbed by the Regents of the University of California in1919. [31]Mercer, A36. For the most part, the State of Californiasquandered the land assets received from the federal government under theAct through sale of the lands to private entities at fire-sale prices.[7]What little funds were generated through the land sales went into thestate's general fund. CrowellCompany, 1963), 577-578. "A Chancellor With Nine Lives." Chronicle of Higher Education, 2 April 1994, A37, A41.Mercer, J. and Willis, R. Newhall, Fiat Lux: The University of California(Toronto: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967), 3 . [28]L. While this statement has led tocriticism of the Chancellor by minority group spokespersons, recent historyat the institution supports the Chancellor's contention. [14]Haskins, 119. R. [1 ]Hart, 533. The student population at the University of California at Los Angelesin 1995 is more ethnically diverse than is the statewide population or thepopulation of the greater Southland region. Accreditation by the regional accreditation associations forsecondary and postsecondary institutions send teams of investigators toeach institution seeking to either gain or retain accreditation. [18]Yarmolinsky, 18-25. Caughey, Los Angeles:Biography of A City (Berkely, California: University of California Press,1976), 466. Haskins, The Rise of Universities (Ithaca, New York: CornellUniversity Press, 1957), 115. "Can You Capitate?" American Medical News, 37 (8 August 1994): 7- 8.Rolle, A. Kerr, The Uses of the University (Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University Press, 1982), 46-84. The existing postsecondary educational process provides an externalvalidation of the integrity of an institution, and of the quality of thatinstitution, as it is perceived by its peers. The development of theUniversity of California at Los Angeles owes nothing to the Morrill LandGrant College Act of 1862. The addition of libraries, laboratories, and similar facilities touniversities resulted from the application of an easily understood concept,which holds that the teaching process should be supplemented by tools whichenhance its effectiveness and efficiency. As well as being the latest manifestation of an historicalevolutionary process, the university is also the product of thecontemporary society of which it is a part. The land on which the new campus for the University of California at LosAngeles was developed was purchased largely through bonds issued by thecities of Los Angeles, Beverly Hills, Santa Monica, and Venice.[8] In1995, the University of California at Los Angeles encompasses 23 buildingsituated on 419 acres in the Westwood area. In the case of the Western Association responsible for theaccreditation of junior colleges, a staff member of the Board of Governorsof California Community Colleges is also included on the inspection team. [33]Ibid., A37. The existing accreditation process does not address thisproblem. [4]C. Suspicion of the universityheightened in some quarters when members of the staff and faculty refusedto take or resisted taking mandated loyalty oaths.[21] Most Californianseventually accepted the premise that loyalty oaths were an assault onconstitutionally-protected freedoms.[22] In the 199 s, the University of California at Los Angeles hasexperienced significant problems with the Hispanic student complement atthe institution.[23] Hispanic students went on strike in 1993 in an effortto gain a new Chicano studies center. [2]Ibid., 492. The Uses of the University. Williams, California: A History of the GoldenState (Garden City, New York: Doubleday & company, Inc., 1972), 491. F. A. D. All, however,rely on a process of peer review. It was in such a societalcontext, that American universities incorporated remedial instruction forill-qualified and low-achieving students into their curricula.[11] It was also in a societal context that universities in the UnitedStates expanded the concept of student services to include personalcounseling, health care, and a host of other activities.[12] The growingarray of student services provided by American universities in the last-quarter of the twentieth century is viewed by some people both as (1) anenhancement to the learning process, and (2) as a means of addressingproblems associated with declining enrollments. In thiscontext, the major problem confronting university administrators is that ofdevising a level of commitment to student services which is appropriate forthe enhancement of the learning process, without, at the same time,assuming a dominant role in university affairs. Thus, an accreditation process which emphasizes educationalaccomplishment, as opposed to the development of educational competence, isnot fulfilling its responsibility in the pluralistic American society. In fact, a publicperception that such a uniformity of standards does prevail in the Americanpostsecondary accreditation process is one of the major myths surroundingpostsecondary education accreditation. In thetwentieth century in the United States, for instance, many universitieshave become major partners with government and private corporations in theconduct of research activities which are not directly related to thefunction of teaching. "Hispanic Students, Frustrated Over Pace of Reforms on Campuses, Raise the Ante." Chronicle of Higher Education, 13 October 1993, A4 - A41.Yarmolinsky, A. [5]M. In 1995, the University of California at Los Angeles is required tomeet the accreditation criteria of a number of agencies. In the twentieth century, specialized accrediting associations alsobegan to be established. Kantrowitz and P. Later Development Federal research grants have played a major role in the development ofseveral of the professional and graduate-level academic programs at theUniversity of California at Los Angeles.[9] Many universities have becomeso dependent upon federal research grants that they have effectivelysurrendered some of their academic autonomy to the federal government. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1982.Lord, L. A. "Education: History With Effort." U.S. The growing diversity ofquality among these many institutions caused a growing concern amongeducators and the general public as to how the various postsecondaryeducational institutions should be assessed and controlled.[13] The concern for an assessment of the quality of postsecondaryeducation, together with a political philosophy which eschewed federalcontrol of education, led to the creation of regional accreditationbodies.[14] These regional provide accreditation for both secondary andpostsecondary institutions. Willis, Higher Education in Transition: AHistory of American Colleges and Universities, 1936-1976, 5th ed. [3]N. All of the regionalaccrediting associations with the exception of the Western Associationresponsible for the accreditation of senior colleges and universities,however, permit input from non-accredited institutions and programs uponrequest. "UCLA." In Caughey, J., and Caughey, L. Affirmative action remains a major issue at the University ofCalifornia at Los Angeles in 1995.[25] Chancellor Young contends thataffirmative action programs are needed at the institution to preventviolent behavior by minority students. In the mid-199 s, the University of California at Los Angeles isdeveloping strategies to deal with the most severe fiscal constraints inthe institution's history.[31] The School of Nursing is adjusting to a 43percent budget cut. R. In great part as a consequence of the decision against nationalcontrol of higher education, by the last-quarter of the nineteenth century,students in the United States were able to choose from well-establishedprivate universities in the east, rapidly developing state universities inall parts of the country, and a plethora of small private academies andother postsecondary educational institutions. Hart, A Companion to California (Berkeley, California:University of California Press, 1987), 533. Holdings include approximately 6.4 million print volumes, 5.4million microfilm items, and 15 , audiovisual items. The accreditation process,however, does not provide standardization in either curricula or,significantly, in educational outcomes. The assurance of institutional quality in American postsecondaryeducation is attained through the several accreditation organizations,which, in turn, rely on a process of that can be best described as one ofpeer review. [27]J. In 1995, counseling,information, and tutoring services are provided for students at theUniversity of California at Los Angeles. This action is a part of the institution'sProfessional Schools Restructuring Initiative. Shea, "Hispanic Students, Frustrated Over Pace of Reforms onCampuses, Raise the Ante," Chronicle of Higher Education, 13 October 1993,A4 -A41. (NewYork: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1985), 145. Once a commitment to the provision of student services has been made,it is difficult for an administration to back away from them. News & World Report, 7 November 1994, 12.Mercer, J. The UCLA Medical Center is a large and complex institution.[28] TheMedical Center is comprised of several hospitals, clinics, and other healthservice organizations, and operates in association and conjunction withseveral health sciences schools and other health sciences institutions.The institution is publicly funded, and thus is subject to the severebudget constraints applicable to all publicly funded activities in thecontemporary period.[29] The Union Rescue Clinic in Los Angeles is operated by the School ofNursing at the University of California at Los Angeles.[3 ] The clinic isone of many community outreach projects operated by components of the UCLAMedical Center. A., and Roueche, S. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1957.Hayden, T. Primary amongthese agencies are the Western Association, AACSB, ABET, ADA, CSWE, NAAB,and NLN. The existing accreditation process, based as it is in the concept ofeducational accomplishment, tends to emphasize those criteria which favorthe large, wealthy, and long-established postsecondary educationalinstitutions.[18] In the context of developing competence in the severaldisciplines, however, the postsecondary educational institutions which tendto be penalized by the existing accreditation process may perform equallyas well or better that those institutions which are highly rated by theexisting accreditation process.[19] In contemporary American society, vast numbers of people have noinherited land or wealth. Los Angeles: Biography of A City. Adams and N. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1968.Beck, W. Young tomore than $9 million per year.[37] Critics contend that a great system ofhigher education build in California over decades is in the process ofbeing dismantled by conservative budget cutters.[38] Summary This research provided an overview of the creation and development ofthe University of California at Los Angeles. D. [17]A. Lord, "Education: History With Effort," U.S. Educational outcomes, in manyrespects, may be measured effectively only through some sort of competencycertification. In addition to reductionsin the activities of the School of Nursing, four other professional schoolsare planed for elimination or merger, or in the words of the initiative,"disestablishment."[32] The three professional schools scheduled forelimination are architecture and urban planning, social welfare, and publichealth.[33] The School of Library and Information Science is slated to bemerged into the Graduate School of Education. [21]Ibid., 475. In response to charges that membersof racial and ethnic minorities were/are underrepresented in the studentpopulations of major publicly funded universities, many such institutionsimplemented remedial education programs. Whites (non HispanicCaucasians) account for 46 percent of the student population, AsianAmericans comprise 28 percent of the student population, 15 percent of thestudent population is Hispanic, 1 percent of the student population isAfrican American, and native Americans constitute one-percent of thestudent population. [22]A. A., and Williams, D. [24]C. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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