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Essay Subject: Product analysis (material, quality, types), inspection, function, effectiveness, lubricants.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Product analysis (material, quality, types), inspection, function, effectiveness, lubricants. Paper Introduction: The Condom Industry The history of condoms goes back four centuries to when physicians first fashioned condoms out of sheep-gut (Approval, 1992). While animal skin condoms are still commercially available today, their use has largely been displaced by products made of latex (Condoms, 1990, p. 18). Originally, the condom was designed for birth control (Willis, 1990, p. 32). More recently, however, the medical device is being used to prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STD) (p. 32). Of course, the only sure ways to avoid these diseases are either to not have sex at all or to limit sex to one uninfected partner who is also monogamous (Baulieu et al., 1993, p. 101). Short of this though, condoms--while not 100% effective--may reduce the risk of STDs if properly used (Willis, 1990, p. 32). This fact, coupled with the fear of Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. 294-296. Gaining most from this condom boom have been the industry's twobiggest firms, Britain's London International Group (makers of Durex andRamses brands) and America's Carter-Wallace (makers of Trojan) (Barriers,1991). 137). 136). 32). Scherer, P. Even whenstretched, the latex remains a continuous pore-free membrane (Can You Rely,1989, p. With latexcondoms, water-based lubricants may actually lessen the chances of breakage(Can You Rely, 1989, p. 1851). 14 ). As long as STDs remain a significantthreat to the sexually active, there will be a ongoing need for protectivemeasures. Condoms as physical and chemical barriers against humanimmunodeficiency virus. 135). 137).Moreover, the compound also kills various organisms that cause STDS,including AIDS, gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, and herpes (Rietmeiier etal., 1988, p. (1992 September). Oil-based lubricants, however, weaken latexconsiderably-especially at body temperatures (Billow, 1992, p. 135). 93).In New York, for example, two entrepreneurial graduates of Tufts have evenopened a store, Condomania, that specializes in the medical device (Mead,1991). Rietmeiier, C.A.M.; Krebs, J.W.; Feorino, P.M.; Judson, F.N. Under a scanning electronmicroscope at 3 , power, the surface of a latex condom appears somewhatbumpy, but shows no pores (Can You Rely, 1989, P. Nonoxynol-9, the active ingredientin most over-the-counter spermicides, kills sperm cells through a detergentaction that attacks the cell membrane (Can You Rely, 1989, P. International Journal of Gynaecology andObstetrics, 4 , pp. 295). p. So far, the average failure rate is about 2-3/1, (Salem, 1992, p. 1 1-1 3. As a means ofcontraception, for instance, that failure rate can range from 2%-14%(Billow, 1992, p. The response to this AIDS education was arapid rise in condom sales. 6 7). 135). 6 7-6 8. 136). A condom sense approach to AIDSprevention: A historical perspective. Moran, J.S.; Janes, H.R.; Peterman, T.A.; Stone, K.M. 135). America,165, pp. Even concentrations of well under 1% have been shownto inactivate HIV in the lab (Can You Rely-, 1989, p. 278-288. New York,24, p. They should bestored in a dark, cool, dry place (Can You Rely, 1989, p. 57).Different oil-based lubricants include mineral oil, baby oil, vegetableoil, and petroleum jelly, as well as various cold creams and hand lotions(Billow, 1992, p. Regardless though,laboratory evidence for the skin condom's protective capacity against STDsis mixed (Can You Rely, 1989, p. Thus, it seems reasonable to assume that the condomindustry will continue to prosper. 135). While animalskin condoms are still commercially available today, their use has largelybeen displaced by products made of latex (Condoms, 199 , p. JAMA, 259, pp. 136). Latex condoms can be damaged, however, by the effects of airpollution, heat, and light (Can You Rely, 1989, p. Natural membrane condoms still nobarrier to STDS. 1851-1853. (199 , May).Increase in condom sales following AIDS education and publicity, UnitedStates. (1992, 1 February). More recently, the FDA has even approved a condom forwomen (Approval, 1992). Two water-based lubricants that are safe for usewith latex condoms are K-Y Lubricating Jelly and Today Personal Lubricant(Can You Rely, 1989, p. 14 ). 137). 32). 295). Prevalence of AIDS-related risk factors and condom use in theUnited States. 317). Typically, the pores don't tunnel all the way through a skin condom'swall; instead, they usually occur in individual layers of the skin's multi-layered membrane (p. New markets in Asia,an expanding worldwide youth market, and a decision to lift thelongstanding ban on television advertisement, however, may result in morecompetition for the big two manufacturers (Barriers, 1991). 93). (1992, October). 1851). Economist, 321, p. Billow, J.A. So effective is the intact latex condom atpreventing STDS, that since 1987, the U.S. 11. (199 , September). 295). Since spermicides are formulated for use with latexdiaphragms, they don't damage latex condoms (Can You Rely, 1989, p. 18-22. Voeller, B.; Coulter, S.L.; Mayhan, K.G. 139). (199 , December). 93-93. 55). That prompted Congress to ask the FDA to start a program oftesting (Can You Rely, 198,9, p. Spread of HIV, however, has caused thecondom market to soar (Berendt, 199 , p. 295,). 6 7). Together the companies control 9 % of the $25 million Americanmarket (Barriers, 1991). 14-3 . 14 ). 14 ). 137). 14 ). 137). (199 , December). Berendt, J. (1991, 22 July). Of course, the only sure waysto avoid these diseases are either to not have sex at all or to limit sexto one uninfected partner who is also monogamous (Baulieu et al., 1993, p.1 1). For the partner, the condom prevents contactwith potentially infectious semen and any lesions on the wearer's penis(Can You Rely, 1989, p. 136). Science, 258, pp. 136). American Pharmacy,NS32, pp. The test consists of fillingcondoms with about 3 milliliters of water and then checking them forpinhole leaks (Salem, 1992, p. Can you rely on condoms. Underappropriate conditions, condoms can last up to five years (Can You Rely,1989, P. 57). Willis, J.L. 1266. (1991, 2 November). Short of this though, condoms--while not 1 % effective--may reducethe risk of STDs if properly used (Willis, 199 , p. Barriers to entry. (1988,25 March). 139). 279). 6 7). Thus, condomefficacy rates are of major consequence. Although these failure rates may seem high, condom quality has beenimproving (Can You Rely, 1989, p. 135). As is true with most drugs andmedical devices, efficacy is a combination of method and user failure(Steiner et al., 1992, p. 2986). Steiner, M.; Foldesy, R.; Cole, D.; Carter, E. 11 1-11 6. Choosing condoms. 279). 135). News & WorldReport, 112, p. This fact,coupled with the fear of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) andrecent "safe sex" campaigns, has resulted in an almost doubling ofworldwide condom sales since 1985 (Barriers, 1991). (1992, 13November). Condoms. As the fear of AIDS spreads throughout the heterosexual community,the demand for condoms should only continue to climb. With the outbreak of the AIDSepidemic, this program has been dramatically expanded (Can You Rely, 1989,p. Although spermicides can be applied vaginally, a number of condomsare sold with spermicide incorporated into their lubricant (Can You Rely,1989, p. Baulieu, E.E.; Benagiano, G.; Brosens, I.; Fraser, I.; Goldzieher,J.W.; Hamerstein, J.; Haspels, A.; Johannisson, E.; Lunenfeld, B.; Mizuno,M.; Potts, M. 16. Thus, some experts have maintained that skincondoms do offer protection against STDS; that to get to the outside, avirus would have to perform the unlikely feat of zigzagging through thefibrous structure (Can You Rely, 1989, p. Consumer Reports (199 Buying GuideIssue, 54), pp. 93). 55-58. (1991, 3 November). Latex condoms lessen risks of STDs.FDA Consumer, 24, pp. Gas,dye, and viral transport through polyurethane condoms. The problem with skin condomsthough, is that they are less effective at preventing STDs (Scherer, 1989). Furthermore, a mere one-time exposure to the bodilyfluids of an infected person can result in transmission of the humanimmunodeficiency virus (HIV) (SottileMalona, 1991, p. Consumer Reports, 54, pp.135-141. JAMA, 266, pp. References Approval for a female condom. The Condom Industry The history of condoms goes back four centuries to when physiciansfirst fashioned condoms out of sheep-gut (Approval, 1992). 136). 71. Another precaution that must be taken with condoms involveslubricants. More recently, however, the medical device is being used to preventsexually transmitted diseases (STD) (p. U.S. Observed failure rates seem to bedeclining (p. The condom. When they became popular in the 193 s, many latex condoms--one reportestimates as many as 75%--were in some way defective (Can You Rely, 1989,p. Sottile-Malona, B. Since April 1987, FDA inspectors have begun showing up unannounced atcondom factories to review records and sample condoms at random (Salem,1992, p. (1989, March). Catania, J.A.; Coates, T.J.; Stall, R.; Turner, H.; Peterson, J.;Hearst, N.; Dolcini, M.M.; Hudes, E.; Gagnon, J.; Wiley, J. Between 1986 and 1988, U.S. In addition to latex condoms, skin condoms made from lamb cecum arealso available (Salem, 1992, p. American Journal of Nursing, 89, p. Contraception, 46, pp. With the introduction of penicillin in the 194 s and thecontraceptive pill in the 196 s, the condom industry went into a steepdecline (Berendt, 199 , p-. This new vaginal pouch may only be the beginning;there is also talk of a bikini condom-latex panties with a built-in sheath(Approval, 1992). (1991, 4 December). Although different prelubricated products are soldcommercially, many people either supply their own lubrication or supplementthat already on the condom (Can You Rely, 1989, p. Such an intact barrier shields the wearer's penis fromexposure to germs in cervical, vaginal, or rectal secretions or lesions(Can You Rely, 1989, p. Esquire, 114, pp. Adventures in the skin trade. When observed under a scanning electron microscope, the membranes of skincondoms reveal crisscrossed layers of fibers (Can You Rely, 1989, p. Innovations in condom technology include investigationsinto the use of different materials such as polyurethane film (Voeller,1991, p. Those thathave done reasonably well have had to use adventurous marketing strategiesor alternative distribution systems (Barriers, 1991). Imports are inspected too at their port of entry (Can YouRely, 1989, p. One way to increase the effectiveness of all condoms is to employ aspermicide (Rietmeiier, 1988, p. Moreover, imports have turned out to be worse--about one in five rejects have been discovered among foreign condom brands(Can You Rely, 1989, p. Mead, R. If more than four defectives arefound per 1 condoms tested, that entire lot must be destroyed (Salem,1992, P. 137).Although that latticework endows the skin condom with extraordinarystrength, it also allows for pores (Can You Rely, 1989, P. Surgeon General advised personswhose sex partners may have been exposed to the AIDS virus to always use acondom during sexual intercourse (Moran et al., 199 , p. 2986-2987. In his 1986 report on AIDS, the U.S. 14 ). 136). This dominance has resulted in high profits forboth (Barriers, 1991). The problem is that condoms are subject to failure. 136). With condoms, one of the most importantfactors is quality (Steiner et al., 1992, p. 11 5). (1992, September).Study to determine the correlation between condom breakage in human use andlaboratory test results. (1989, October). Sexual behavior, contraception, and therisk of contracting HIV. 32-36.----------------------- 9 In addition, strong brand loyalty and distributionnetworks have made things hard for new brands (Barriers, 1991). Theextensive public health campaign that followed this report promoted condomuse by persons who have sex outside of mutually monogamous relationships(Moran et al., 199 , P. Famous basketballplayer, Magic Johnson's announcement that he got HIV from heterosexual sexserves as a warning to all who engage in unprotected intercourse (Catania,1992, p. As business has grown, sotoo has the variety and visibility of the condom (Berendt, 199 , P. American Journal of Public Health, 8 , pp. (1993, February). Food and Drug Administration(FDA) has let manufacturers list a roster of diseases that condoms can helpprevent (Can You Rely, 1989, p. 18).Originally, the condom was designed for birth control (Willis, 199 , p.32). sales of latexcondoms with spermicide increased 116% (Moran et al., 199 , p. Generally, they check product for cracks, mold, and dry orsticky rubber, before subjecting each manufacturer's condoms to a standardwater test (Can You Rely, 1989. 295). 137). These include syphilis, gonorrhea,chlamydia, genital herpes, and AIDs (Can You Rely, 1989, p. Condoms and AIDS. South Dakota Journal of Medicine,45, pp. In theory, intact latex condoms could be nearly 1 % effective atpreventing STDs (Can You Rely, 1989, p. Thesepores, which can be up to 1.5 microns wide, are smaller than sperm cells,but larger than both the AIDS and the hepatitis-B viruses (Can You Rely,1989, p. 14 ). Salem, A. 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