HITTITES.   Term Paper ID:20074 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Origins & development of 2nd Cent. B.C. culture. Empire, influences, industry, writings & art. Outline.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Origins & development of 2nd Cent. B.C. culture. Empire, influences, industry, writings & art. Outline. Paper Introduction: I. Origins of the Hittites A. First Indo-Europeans to rise to level of civilization. B. May have come from Europe or across the Caucasus. II. Hittites as conquerors A. Fierce warriors B. Hittite Empire 1460-1200 B.C. C. Constant war weakens empire. III. Hittite Civilization A. Several societies having different chronology, geographic locations, and racial makeup B. Cuneiform writing C. Terrain D. Natural Resources Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. The island of Cyprus was sacked, and manytowns in Syria and Palestine were also destroyed. Adcock, eds. Rev. ed. Furthermore, theremoteness of the Hittite nation also contributed to the development of adistinctive style of art works in metal. One of the great monuments, the rocky cleft two miles fromHattusas now called Yazilikaya is entirely Hurrian. Terrain D. I. Even Egypt, underRameses III, was under siege.[5] The Hittite civilization, which lasted for at least a thousand years,was possessed and developed by several societies which differed inchronological periods, geographical location, and probably in race.[6] TheHittites borrowed from Mesopotamia and the Hurrians, but managed to createa distinctive civilization of their own. Cook, and F.E. [6]J.B Bury, S.A. Vol. [1 ]Ibid., 1 4. This is an appropriate deity fora land of storms. Problems for the historian The Hittites are considered one of the major peoples of the secondmillennium B.C. A History of the Ancient World. Thismovement seems to have been a part of a great migration of Indo-Europeansat the turn from the third to the second millennium B.C., although theHittites were in Asia Minor before 2 B.C. On its walls greatprocessions of gods and goddesses were carved. Writing for the Hittites was used for secular and religious purposes. (New York:Oxford University Press, 1974), 1 . Telipinu, a god of agriculture, disappeared every year tosleep, but was awakened by the sting of a bee. In the technique and subjects of Hittite art there is the influenceof the Hittites to earlier patterns of civilization. [8]Ibid. An earlier pankus, or bodyof citizens, which had acted as an assembly, no longer met. Myths were also important. South of them lay the metal-bearing areasof Cilicia; between these were the ports and cities of Syro-Phoenicia wherethe merchants of Babylonia and Assyria had established trading routes; andeast and south was the Euphrates, with its fertile valley and prosperoustowns.[3] Possession of these areas could make the Hittites more powerful andgradually they conquered Cappadocia and Carchemish on the Euphrates. Other figures of art and myth were of local origin and were on asimpler level. III, The AssyrianEmpire, 148. Summary A. Some of the rockcarvings, which often show the king worshipping his deity, and the figuresof animals or divine protectors at Hittite city gates betray a ruggedspirit, but this art did not rise past an elementary level. Merchants were rigorously protected, and craftsmen were awell-defined group which included the first ironsmiths. 2d ed. About 12 B.C. May have come from Europe or across the Caucasus.II. Cambridge: University Press,196 .Jones, Tom B. B. The Cambridge AncientHistory (Cambridge: University Press, 196 ), vol. [3]Arthur G. Hittites as conquerors A. Brodeur, The Pageant of Civilization (Garden City, NY:Garden City Publishing Company, Inc., 1931), 83. The Pageant of Civilization. Cit., 1 2. First Indo-Europeans to rise to level of civilization. Trade F. (Homewood, IL:The Dorsey Press, 1978), 86. Several societies having different chronology,geographic locations, and racial makeup B. Starr, A History of the Ancient World, 2d ed. They occupied a land whose positioncompelled them to be conquerors. [4]Op. came the period that is called theHittite Empire. [12]Bury, et al., 168.----------------------- 6 the Hittite empirecollapsed under the impact of barbarian tribal migrations which triggered amassive movement of Anatolian peoples southward. New York:Oxford University Press, 1974.----------------------- [1]Chester G. [5]Tom B. Influence of other cultures B. Cuneiform writing C. Chester G. During this time, otherpeoples were also attacked. GovernmentIV. The Hittiteswere not able to evolve an advanced culture of their own that was truly.The most significant aspect of their history lies in its revelation of howdifficult a task the earliest Hittites faced in absorbing what they foundwhen they invaded the Near East.[11] For the historian, the problem is how to bridge the widechronological interval which divides the latest known Sumerian monumentsfrom the earliest known Hittite monuments.[12] The lack of sufficientexamples of Babylonian work, at once post-Sumerian and pre-Assyrian,precludes the establishment of any conclusions on this issue at this time. [9]Starr, 1 3. Hittite Culture A. 159 ) captured Babylon, butanother Aryan tribe, known as the Kassites, soon took Babylon from them. Ancestors of the Aryans of India, of the Medes, and of the Persians,the Hittites were fierce warriors. [11]Starr, 1 4. They were not highly influenced by Egyptian arteither, because direct contacts were few and infrequent. Other tablets that have been found contained religious material.Since the Hittites adopted many Mesopotamian beliefs about demons, magic,and omens, royal religious ceremonies included a large diversity ofrituals. Abroad, themonarchs captured northern Syria, fighting against Egypt, Mitanni, andAssyria.[4] Fighting over Syria and Phoenicia with Egypt, with the main battlebeing fought in 1288 B.C. Natural Resources E. By controlling theiron deposits, and by having plenty of wood for fuel, the Hittites enjoyeda monopoly of iron production and fixed prices to their own advantage.Since iron was used for weapons, the Hittites were careful not todistribute it too widely or cheaply to their enemies. Since the Hittites did not learn to write until after they had begunto borrow from the Mesopotamian civilizations, their earlier history can bereconstructed only on the basis of archeological hints and linguisticdistributions.[2] Historians generally agree that the Hittites came intoAsia Minor from either Europe or across the Caucasus mountains. Others had Hurrian roots, such as the legend of Kumarbi, father of thegods, who was overthrown and castrated by his son. Hittite Empire 146 -12 B.C. The quality of Hittite literature was unparalleled elsewhere in the NearEast, especially the forthright tone of the kings' speeches and theextensive historical preambles to their decrees and treaties. Garden City, NY: Garden City Publishing Company, Inc., 1931.Bruy, J.B., Cook, S.A., Adcock, F.E., eds. From about 146 to 12 B.C. BibliographyBrodeur, Arthur G. Origins of the Hittites A. Hittite Civilization A. III, The Assyrian Empire. The main obstacle tothe Hittites continued prosperity was a transportation problem: goods hadto be brought out of the country by land over long and difficult routes,and this limited the volume of trade.[8] The availability of wood and stone meant that the Hittites did nothave to imitate Babylonian architecture and that they could develop theirown kind of sculpture. One procession was led bythe Hurrian sun-goddess Hebat, which was equivalent to the Hittites sun-goddess of the holy city Arinna. the Hittites, under Mursilis I (d. The New Year was celebratedby great festivities, in which priests recited a primitive myth about theslaying of the dragon by the weather god. Untilrecently, however, the Hittites were a people who remained almost unknown,although they are mentioned briefly in the Bible, in the Amarna tablets,and in other Near Eastern sources.[1] They were first discovered in 19 6when a ridge of north-central Asia Minor, called Boghazkoy in Turkish, wasexcavated. Wood,stone, mineral resources, grapevine, and livestock were in abundance andthis encouraged metal working, textile manufacturing, and viniculture.Trade during the Hittites time flourished because the civilized worldsought the copper and silver controlled by the Hittites. The Cambridge AncientHistory. Jones, From the Tigris to the Tiber, rev. ed. C. Homewood, IL:The Dorsey Press, 1978.Starr. Religion and MythV. Architecture and Art C. Some of the tabletsare in Akkadian, Hurrian and others were in an Indo-European language.Besides the Hittite language of the governing class, two other Indo-European languages, Luvian and Palaic, were also used. The other procession was led by herhusband, the Hurrian weather god Teshub. The Hittites werealso the first to introduce the manufacture of iron. This excavation continues through the present time and hasrevealed the city of Hattusas, as it was called in ancient times. Punishments differed according to the criminal's class, thoughpure retribution and bodily mutilation were not as common as in theHammurabi code. Influence of other cultures B. Literature E. They have particularly interested historians because theyare the first Indo-European group to rise to the level of civilization andtheir civilization is able to be understood with some clarity. This myth later madeits way to Greece through Phoenicia and was used to explain the overthrownof Kronos by Zeus.[1 ] The Hittite religion, in myth and art, was highly influenced by theHurrians. Some of them were Mesopotamian, suchas the epic of Gilgamesh, which occurs both in Hittite and Hurrian dialect. by Muttallish the Hittite and Rameses II atKadesh, weakened the Hittites. Whereas theroyal inscriptions found in Mesopotamia were pious accountings by the kingsto their gods, the Hittite records told the reader what had happened.[9]The cuneiform script may have been introduced by the Hittites for thepurpose of reciting royal works and deeds. Constant war weakens empire.III. The cuneiform system of writing,the form of the Mesopotamian law code, and religious concepts andceremonies were among their borrowings, but the different environment ofAnatolia did not facilitate the adoption of too many Babylonian culturetraits.[7] The land of the Hittites was agriculturally self-sufficient withoutirrigation, and additionally, it produced a diversified economy. Within their own country, rulers governed throughofficials, rather than use their own vassals. Fierce warriors B. In1926 B.C. Thiscity had massive walls, temples, palace, and state archives of more than1 , cuneiform tablets belonging to the Hittites. Code of Laws F. From the Tigris to the Tiber. Other writings, such as letters and reports, were also found atHattusas, as well as a code of laws that resembled those from Mesopotamianprinciples. [2]Ibid., 1 1. [7]Jones, 85. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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