COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER.   Term Paper ID:20066 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Examines revisionist views of discoverer of Amer. as aspect of recognition of exploitation of Amer. Indians.... More...

6 Pages / 1350 Words 6 sources, 16 Citations, TURABIAN Format $24.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: Examines revisionist views of discoverer of Amer. as aspect of recognition of exploitation of Amer. Indians. Paper Introduction: October 12, 1992 marks the 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' discovery of America. In the contemporary global mood, however, this is less an occasion for celebration than for meditation. Just when business and government sponsors of the Columbus Quincentennial--the marketing extravaganza designed to mark the explorer's landing on the continent--thought the celebration would run smoothly, groups of Indian activists and artists staged protests throughout the country. On one side of this controversy were the Columbus boosters--the U.S. and Spanish governments, national and multi-national corporations--all hoping to profit politically, culturally, and economically from this event. On the other side of this disputed moment in history are the American Indians and their supporters--who no longer are willing to allow the glorification of an Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. "Tale of Tears." Scholastic Update, 26 May 1989,17-2 .Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. Most authorities, however, agree that the effectiveness of Indian groupsinfluencing the public is slight, largely because of a lack of resources.Even a good protest campaign costs money these days, and with theestablishment--European and U.S. [15]Ibid. facilities inSwitzerland to share their concerns. [16]Schlesinger, 17.----------------------- 4 [14]Peter M. One all-Indian creative effort, a book entitled, The Crown ofColumbus, will have national attention with a 15 , -copy first printingand a $2 , marketing campaign.[12] This was written by Michael Dorrisand Louise Erdich, celebrated Indian writers who are married to each other. Their attitude was that the American Indians have endured 5 years of genocide.[4] Native Americans also state that although everyonethinks Columbus discovered America, it was the Indians who discoveredColumbus. [12]Ibid. [8]David Oliver Relin, "Tale of Tears," Scholastic Update, 26 May 1989,17. Many towns and institutions also decided not to celebrate thequincentennial. BibliographyAbrams, Garry. TheLeague passed a declaration of native rights, which called upon all nationsto ensure the just treatment of native inhabitants. government broke many of theirtreaties, the Indians decided to fight back and were again thought of assavages. On ColumbusDay, 1991, in what organizers promised was the first of manydemonstrations, about 15 American Indians and their supporters marchedthrough downtown Los Angeles to protest the following year's Columbus Daycelebration. Schlesinger, Jr., "Was America A Mistake? [7]Ibid. governments and multi-nationalcorporations--having a large stake in keeping the status quo, it is notastonishing that much of the public will remain apathetic to the Indian'splight. Reflections on theLong History to Debunk Columbus and His Discovery." Atlantic,September 1992, 16-23.----------------------- [1]Arthur M. October 12, 1992 marks the 5 th anniversary of Christopher Columbus'discovery of America. It also reflects the belated conscience of the Westand the consequent re-examination of the Western impact on the rest ofhumanity. Thischange reflects the end of the European domination of the world. They farmed the soil,published their own newspaper, and some even owned black slaves. Most history has been written by white historians and is somewhatbiased. [4]Deane E. The United Nations has continued the League's commitment. The appointment of Cristobal Colon as grand marshall ofPasadena's annual New Year's Day parade, the Tournament of Roses, causedgreat controversy and the protest was stilled only by appointing acongressman and Cheyenne chief, Nighthorse Campbell, as co-grand marshall.The government of Canada decided not to celebrate the quincentennial on theground that the arrival of Columbus led to the destruction of the existingAmerican cultures. [9]Ibid. [1 ]Ibid., 2 . But some facts speak for themselves. [13]Ibid. [5]Ibid., B2. They were here first and Columbus didn't find them because theynever said they were lost.[5] Richard Hill, a Tuscarora Indian who directs the Institute ofAmerican Indian Arts in Santa Fe, New Mexico, states that there is noconsensus among Indians on dealing with the quincentennial, but most wouldavoid the celebrations.[6] The Indians know they were here before Columbusand that they are here after Columbus. Yet when white people didthe same thing they were written down in history as heroes andpatriots.[11] This soldier could not understand this different treatment inhistory, and today, many other people have trouble understanding it too.It is also ironic, but not surprising, that although the quincentennial hasinspired about 2 to 25 movies about Indians for release on television andin theaters in 1992, none are produced or written by Indians. "Sea of Troubles." Los Angeles Times, 1 April 1991,E1-E2.Breslauer, Jan. Nevertheless, the anti-Columbus faction can claim some success. It is equally important that their histories aretold by the people who experienced them.[3] Other groups have not been so benign in their protests. Theorganizers of the quincentennial changed their vocabulary, using"encounter" rather than "discovery" and "commemoration" instead of"celebration."[13] Additionally, there is a significant movementinternationally to create links between indigenous peoples. Reflections onthe Long History to Debunk Columbus and His Discovery," Atlantic, September1992, 16. "Two Faces of Columbus." Los Angeles Times, 6 October1991, CAL9, CAL56.Jones, Peter M. Since1982, U.S. "Was America A Mistake? Obviously, the global mood has shifted since theexaltation of Columbus' heroic aspects at the quadricentennial. On one side of this controversy were the Columbus boosters--the U.S.and Spanish governments, national and multi-national corporations--allhoping to profit politically, culturally, and economically from this event. But in time, after the U.S. Why this sudden revisionist attitude on the part of some culturalgroups and institutions? In the contemporary global mood, however, this isless an occasion for celebration than for meditation.[1] Just whenbusiness and government sponsors of the Columbus Quincentennial--themarketing extravaganza designed to mark the explorer's landing on thecontinent--thought the celebration would run smoothly, groups of Indianactivists and artists staged protests throughout the country. [3]Ibid. From theIndian perspective, the Cherokees had done what they thought the whitesociety wanted of them--adopt white ways and live peacefully with theirneighbors. According toSteven Tullberg of the Indian Law Resource center in Washington, Indiansand other indigenous peoples from Japan, Australia, Indonesia, and Chinasee themselves as separate from the societies that dominate them.[14] This is not the first time the Indians have sought internationalsupport. But dead, Custer became a martyrand the myth of the savage Indian endured.[1 ] One soldier, afterparticipating in the slaughter of the Sioux at Wounded Knee in 189 , summedup the history of the Indian wars by stating that the Indians weredesperate after the broken promises of the government, and when theydefended their homes they were called savages. In time, although this generation may, by and large, remainindifferent to the real story of Native Americans, this revisionistattitude may be reflected in history books and future generations willlearn the truth. Many historians now think that if General Custer had lived, he wouldhave been court-martialed and disgraced. In 1492, Native Americanslived throughout the continent of North America and were free to hunt,farm, and fish, and had forged highly civilized societies long before theEuropeans arrived. Jones, "A Common Heritage," Scholastic Update, 26 May1989, 28. On the other side of this disputed moment in history are the AmericanIndians and their supporters--who no longer are willing to allow theglorification of an invading slave trader and mass murderer.[2] According to one activist, Patricio Chavez of the Centro Cultural dela Raza in San Diego, it is important to end the denial of the truehistories of the Indians. Indians first went to the League of Nations in the 192 s. "'Down With Columbus.'" Los Angeles Times, 13 October1991, B1-B2.Relin, David Oliver. It alsoreflects the revolt of the Third World against economic, cultural, andnational exploitation. Other Indian groups have focusedtheir efforts on the mistreatment of Indians in the Amazon, where YanomamiIndians are being killed or forced from their land by ranchers and farmers. The real question many NativeAmericans are asking themselves is: are the Indian nations going tosurvive the next 5 years?[7] How the last 5 years is viewed depends primarily on one's point ofview. "A Common Heritage." Scholastic Update, 26 May 1989,28.Murphy, Dean E. Murphy, "'Down With Columbus,'" Los Angeles Times, 13October 1991, B1. In March of 1992, the Indian Law Resource Center lodged a complaintagainst the Brazilian government with the Organization of AmericanStates.[15] Indians also have support from the National Council of Churches,which has stated that what some historians have termed a "discovery" was inreality an invasion and colonization with legalized occupation, genocide,economic exploitation and a deep level of institutional racism and moraldecadence.[16]The Council of Churches' three-page statement also goes on tostate that the quincentennial should be an occasion for repentance. delegates from the Iroquois, Sioux, Eskimo, and other tribeshave met annually with other indigenous peoples at the U.N. [2]Jan Breslauer, "Two Faces of Columbus," Los Angeles Times, 6 October1991, CAL9. By the 183 s, historians sympathetic to the Indian cause pointed thefinger at the white civilization and accused them of being the savages.[9]They pointed to the Cherokee tribe in Georgia as one living in a mannerthat most observers would consider civilized. By 189 , nearly every American Indian had either beenkilled in battle, died from exposure to European diseases, or was forciblyremoved from ancestral lands and moved onto reservations.[8] Advocates of"manifest destiny" considered taking America from the Indians justifiedbecause they considered the Indians savages who practiced scalping,cannibalism, drunkenness, torture, idolatry, fifth, and dishonesty. [11]Ibid., 2 . [6]Garry Abrams, "Sea of Troubles," Los Angeles Times, 1 April 1991,E2. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

Many of our Papers can be Downloaded From This Site!

PLEASE READ THIS, IT IS IMPORTANT!

Office hours are Monday through Friday, from 9 am to 5 pm (PST). You may place orders for custom research over the phone during office hours. E-mail requests can be made to our graduate and undergraduate department any time, and will be reviewed during office hours. You may also contact customer service any time through e-mail, and we will review your message during business hours. A great many papers can be downloaded right from this site, but not all of them. If you would like to know if a particular paper is downloadable, just look in the description for: "Available for Internet Download: Y" or "Available for Internet Download: N" If you wish to purchase a paper which is NOT available for immediate download, you will need to make other shipping arrangements. Also, please be aware that these orders are processed Monday through Friday from 9 am to 5 pm (PST). If you place your order after 4:45pm on Friday, it will not be processed until the following Monday morning. We charge $8 per page for all of our pre-written reports, plus shipping (and tax for California residents). However, the highest cost of any ONE report is $136, or 17 pages. Please, take a moment. Make sure you have chosen the report you want or need BEFORE you complete your order. If you are not sure, allow us to help you. We do not offer refunds or exchanges, so it is important for you to let us answer your questions during office hours. Reports which are e-mailed or downloaded are in Microsoft Word format. We are making more reports available for e-mail delivery faster than we can update our listings. Please call to check on the status of particular reports. There are many other shipping options which are listed on the Checkout page.