SINGLE-CELL PROTEIN SOURCES.   Term Paper ID:14697 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: How bacteria, algae, yeasts & other single-cell organisms form food proteins from non-food sources.... More...

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Paper Abstract: How bacteria, algae, yeasts & other single-cell organisms form food proteins from non-food sources. Paper Introduction: This paper will discuss the topic of single-cell protein sources. The focus of this report is on how bacteria, algae, yeasts and other single-cell organisms form food proteins from non-food sources such as petroleum. It was once thought that this would help the world food problem by turning non-food resources into protein food sources. It was during the 1960s that the concept of relieving food shortages in underdeveloped countries by growing single-cell organisms to produce protein from petroleum was most popular. It was during the 1960s that several large oil companies worked out the technology for making this a reality. Basically, the carbon and energy for microorganism growth was provided by the straight-chain hydrocarbon molecules known as alkanes. The microorganisms used were yeasts similar to the food yeasts used on a large scale Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Best algae growth is between the 4 degree latitudes, withhigh levels of insolation and temperature (1). In Europe, much of thiscereal straw that could be used for single-cell protein production isburned (5). At Haifa Bay in northern Israel, raw municipal sewageis made suitable for irrigation and algae is harvested, concentrated andpelletized for feeding poultry and fish such as carp and tilapia. Bacteria cultivated in urine wereconsidered as a food source for astronauts. It wasabout this time that the term single-cell protein came into being todescribe the range of microbial food and feed products. More complex productionschemes for algae as a single-cell protein source involve the dual purposeof organic waste treatment (water purification) and single-cell proteinproduction. There isa conversion efficiency of about 2.5 percent--this is higher than in manyagricultural situations, making algal production systems suitable for manyThird World countries. Hence, algaeprotein production systems are highly intensive. Lipinsky, E. al. Butspirulina is better balanced as far as amino acids (1). Spirulina plantensis would probably be the organismof choice, since growth ponds would only have to be holes in the groundlined with polyethylene and culturing is relatively easy as 65 percent to75 percent of dry weight, with high yields of 1 grams per square meter perday. Spirulina is high in vitamins such as B12,but has a slight deficiency of amino acids that contain sulphur. HO-PING: Food for everyone. Use of theagricultural residues could be a source of additional income for farmers.Corn stover could replace the corn grain fed to cattle with a protein-richsilage, while ethanol from the fermentation by single cell microorganismswould also be producced (4). Fuels from biomass: Integration with food and materials systems. Animalfeeding trials with chlorella, scenedesmus, and spirulina have shown thatboth pigs and lambs do well with these algal food protein sources. Basically, the carbon and energy for microorganism growth wasprovided by the straight-chain hydrocarbon molecules known as alkanes. Chlorella pyrenoidosa produces 15,7 kilograms of dryweight protein per hectare per year, while milk from cattle produces only1 kilograms dry weight of protein per hectare per year (1). It was during the 196 s that the concept of relieving food shortagesin underdeveloped countries by growing single-cell organisms to produceprotein from petroleum was most popular. In Sweden, the starchy waste water from a potatoprocessing plant is used to produce edible protein with the actin of twoyeast species. Long termstudies are needed before protein-rich spirulina can be recommended as afood ingredient in human diets. 1985. Edwardson, W. The future is abundant: A guide to sustainable agriculture. The bacteria is able to oxidize methane, but safetyproblems with methane and air mixtures have led to the methane beingconverted into methanol as the energy and carbon source for the bacteria.The protein product is known as Pruteen. Beginning during WWII, there has been research intocultivation of microalgae both for protein and for vitamins. Arlington, WA: Tilth, 1982. The bacteria hydrogenomanasentropha, which uses the urea waste product of human protein metabolism, is7 percent protein. Rose, A. In WWI Germany, the technology oflarge-scale growth of microorganisms to supplement the protein needs ofhumans and animals was an outgrowth of food shortages. 6. The British Petroleum Company did the pioneering work in using yeaststo produce a protein product from petroleum. Processes forgrowing brewer's yeast on a large scale to replace 6 percent of thefoodstuffs being imported by Germany prior to WWI were perfected in Berlinby Max Delbruck. At Upper Klamath Lake,the algae was originally harvested to control pollution, but it has becomerecognized as a fertilizer and animal feed source. But it is hard to obtain uniform operating conditions in outdoorcultures, making product consistency a problem. The raw material for single-cell proteinproduction is best chosen on the basis of local availability, as there isno single raw material that can be categorized as the best for theproduction of single-cell proteins. It was during the 196 s thatseveral large oil companies worked out the technology for making this areality. al. These yeasts areclosely related to the candida lipolytica yeasts used to produce proteinfrom petroleum during the 196 s by the large oil companies (6). Korn, L. But the petroleum-derived food products did not reduce world hunger, in part because risingpetroleum costs led many oil companies to withdraw from single-cell proteinventures. Systems for production of single-cell protein andenergy could use agricultural residues such as corn stover. In the United States,large-scale culture of algae as a single-cell protein food source isbecoming more widespread (3). Rich sources of the freshwater algae known a spirulinaplantensis have been gathered from Upper Klamath Lake in southern Oregon,Lake Chad in Africa, and Lake Texcoco in Mexico. In the 198 s, ImperialChemical was producing the bacteria known as methylophilus methylotrophusin a facility that converted methane from natural gas into 75, tons ofprotein per year. In terms of energy input, algal protein production systems are notmore advantageous than other non-animal protein production systems, but,using algae for protein production requires less land area. Spirulina compares with soya flour in protein efficiency ratio, and3 grams of dry spirulina per day is the accepted quantity for adults.Large amounts of spirulina, however, may cause gastro-intestinal problems.But the yield of 24,3 kilograms of dry protein per year form spirulinaplantensis is much more than 3 kilograms of dry protein per hectare peryear from wheat. S. The algae called spirulina maxima is a helicoidal blue-green algaethat has been harvested for human consumption since ancient times in areasof Mexico and China. H. 1981.----------------------- 3 5. eds. In some parts of theworld, algae have been gathered as a source of food and fertilizer for manycenturies. Thecultural requirements for these photosynthetic organisms are relativelysimple. Typically, the yeasts were incorporated into sausages and soups.During WWII, Germany had several centers for production of special strainsof the food yeasts candida utilis and candida arborea. Fungi, yeast and bacteria may be grown on waste straw and celluloseas well as on petroleum. Gabel, M. Literature Cited 1. The straw leftover from cereal grain crops is composed of cellulosethat can be converted to single-cell protein. 4. et. Less than 4, kilometers of land are theoretically needed for half the protein in thehuman diet of the world population to be supplied by algae--however, theenergy cost would be many times that of the currently used proteinproduction systems. Energy and environmental implications of novel protein production systems. Sun-dried algae can be fed to fish, poultry and cattle. Algae also had potential as a food source. Themicroorganisms used were yeasts similar to the food yeasts used on a largescale in Germany during WWI and WWII. To reduceharvesting and processing costs, algae such as chlorella and scenedesmuscould be used instead of spirulina as single-cell protein sources. There were also serious political problems--for example, BritishPetroleum Company never convinced Italian authorities that Toprina wastoxicologically safe, and the production plant for single-cell protein inSardinia has remained idle (6). 2. et. Science 199:644-51; 1978. This paper will discuss the topic of single-cell protein sources.The focus of this report is on how bacteria, algae, yeasts and other single-cell organisms form food proteins from non-food sources such as petroleum.It was once thought that this would help the world food problem by turningnon-food resources into protein food sources. New York: Anchor Books, 1979. The microbiological production of food and drink. Agriculture and Environment 6:1-21; 1981. However, other companies, such as Imperial Chemical Industries inGreat Britain and Hoechst AG in West Germany, have proceeded with work inproducing single-cell protein from methane. In Russia, wood pulp is the substrate for yeast protein(2). New Scientist 35-7; 12 Sept. However, it is reported that the U.S.S.R., where themarket forces were not in evidence, had 86 plants for the production ofsingle-cell protein, with at least 12 facilities using petroleum as theprotein substrate (6). Orskov, B. Cereals and the road to a rational agriculture. 3. This product was calledToprina, and the production technology was so well-developed that a $1 million production plant was actually constructed in Sardinia. Scientific American 245,3:127-38; Sept. Production of energy fuels may even be integrated with single-cellprotein food production. Market forces control the successof the venture, with cheap animal protein, cheap soybeans and inexpensivefish in cost in 198 . If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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